The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the largest and strongest ligament in the human knee, and the primary posteriorstabilizer. Recent anatomy and biomechanical studies have provided an improved understanding of PCL function. PCLinjuries are typically combined with other ligamentous, meniscal and chondral injuries. Stress radiography has becomean important and validated objective measure in...

This updating article on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has the aim of addressing some of the most interesting current topics in this field. Within this stratified approach, it contains the following sections: ACL remnant; anterolateral ligament and combined intra and extra-articular reconstruction; fixation devices; and ACL femoral tunnel creation techniques.

A 24 year old otherwise healthy male was presented with a chief complaint of giving way in the left knee. MRI reportedcomplete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tearing. Arthroscopy showed ACL agenesis, ring-shaped lateral meniscus,and an anomalous thick band extending from the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the intercondylar notch of thelateral femoral condyle, which...

Since the rediscovery of anterolateral ligament, extra-articular augmentation (EA) has evolved from controversial to an essential consideration in contemporary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Anterolateral (ALL) and lateral tenodesis are 2 common methods. Indications among early adopters pioneering at surgery included revision (ACL) case, chronic ACL tear, high-grade pivot sh...