Solar radiation, which is used in hydrological modeling, agricultural, solar energy systems, and climatological studies, the most important element of reaching earth. The present study compared, performance two empirical equations -Angstrom Hargreaves-Samani equations- and, three machine learning models -Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Long Short-Term Memory (LST...

Orthorhombic crystals of bovine F(1)-ATPase have been subjected to controlled dehydration. A decrease in the relative humidity surrounding the crystals to 90% reproducibly reduced their unit-cell volume by 22% (950,000 Angstrom(3)) and improved the diffraction limit and mosaic spread of the crystals significantly. These dehydrated crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.8 Angstrom resolution at a synch...

Silicon together with its native oxide SiO$_2$ was recognized as an outstanding material system for the semiconductor industry in 1950s. In state-of-the-art device technology, is widely used insulator combination high-$k$ dielectrics such HfO$_2$, demanding fabrication of ultra-thin interfacial layers. The classical standard model derived by Deal and Grove accurately describes oxidation Si a pr...

We present here a brief review of direct force measurements between hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous solutions. For almost 70 years, researchers have attempted to understand the hydrophobic effect (the low solubility of hydrophobic solutes in water) and the hydrophobic interaction or force (the unusually strong attraction of hydrophobic surfaces and groups in water). After many years of research...

Broad Raman-scattered wings of hydrogen lines can be used to map neutral gas illuminated by high-mass stars in star forming regions. Raman scattering transforms far-ultraviolet starlight from the Lyman beta line (1022 Angstrom 1029 Angstrom) red visual light H alpha (6400 6700 Angstrom). Analysis spatially resolved spectra Orion Bar and other regions Nebula shows that this process occurs photo-...

The absolute configuration of haem A, the prosthetic group of cytochrome c oxidase, was determined to be S by analysis of the bond angles surrounding the chiral centre of haem A after refinement with X-PLOR starting from respective initial structures with R and S configurations under absolute configuration constraints at 1.8 Angstrom resolution. The same result was obtained by refinement at 1.8...

When a strong laser field ionizes atoms (or molecules), the electron wave packet that tunnels from the molecule moves under the influence of the strong field and can re-collide with its parent ion. The maximum re-collision electron kinetic energy depends on the laser wavelength. Timed by the laser field oscillations, the re-colliding electron interferes with the bound state wave function from w...

Solid silicon monoxide is an amorphous material which has been commercialized for many functional applications. However, the amorphous structure of silicon monoxide is a long-standing question because of the uncommon valence state of silicon in the oxide. It has been deduced that amorphous silicon monoxide undergoes an unusual disproportionation by forming silicon- and silicon-dioxide-like regi...

We illustrate how moderate resolution protein structures can be rapidly obtained by interlinking computational prediction methodologies with un- or partially assigned NMR data. To facilitate the application of our recently described method of ranking and subsequent refining alternative structural models using unassigned NMR data [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 15404] for such "structural...