Abdul Qadir Jurjânî, with his two famous books, is the most important scholar of Islamic rhetoric. He is the founder of rhetoric in the Muslim world. One of Jurjânî’s most prominent accomplishments is his comprehensive classification of metaphors. First of all, Jurjânî distinguishes between non-expressive and expressive metaphors, and then presents subclasses for expressive, or “useful”, metaph...

One of the elements in Persian poetry and sonnets (Ghazal) is penname, which in addition to marking poetry in the name of the poet, sometimes has an amphiboly to another means; but in the poetry of poets such as Hafez - which have a special and coherent intellectual system - in the form of a main metaphor or central metaphor, penname is involved in determining their intellectual system. In this...

language is the mind device to develop human’sperception from world and metaphor is the mind tool to extend the language, so poets and artists utilize metaphorsto extend language and consequently mind’sperception of reality. as we know in movement from modern to postmodern era everything including art and culture encountered a variety of changes and one of these changes was emergence of metapho...

the present study aims at discussing whether metaphors in the qur’an, revealed more than 1400 years ago, are dead, moribund or live and how these three types of metaphors have been translated in three english and three persian translations of the qur’an. the results reveal that among 70 metaphors examined, while only about 32.85% are live metaphors, about 67.14% are moribund, but none of the ca...

despite the passage of 9 centuries of elaborative metaphor mentioning in persian rhetoric, the antecedents’ sayings already look repetitive and it is considered as one of metaphor tools in the most up-to-date points of view. criticizing the reports of experts and analyzing 13 different structures, a new research has been carried out in present essay. it finally ends with its aesthetic applicati...

Like many other disciplines, medicine often resorts to metaphor in order to explain complicated concepts that are imperfectly understood. But what happens when medicine's metaphors close off thinking, restricting interpretations and opinions to those of the negative kind? This paper considers the deleterious effects of destructive metaphors that cluster around pain. First, the metaphoric basis ...