background echocardiography is widely used to diagnose or exclude cardiac disease. the reports on reference values based on an asian population are limited. objectives we conducted a study to determine normal values for two-dimensional, m-mode, and doppler echocardiographic measurements and evaluate the relationship between these parameters and age and gender in a large, healthy iranian populat...

The brain parenchyma affords immune privilege to tissue grafts, but it is not known whether the same is true for intracerebral viral infections. Using stereotactically guided microinjection, we have confined infection with influenza virus A/NT/60/68 to either the brain parenchyma or the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A/NT/60/68 infection in the CSF elicited a comparable immune response to intranasa...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen globally associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is capable of causing a wide range of diseases including sinusitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, pneumonia, bacteraemia, sepsis, and meningitis. While its capsular polysaccharide is indispensible for invasive disease, and opsonising antibodies against the capsule are the basis...

purpose: to present an extraocular muscle disinsertion in a pterygium surgery case report: a 61-year-old woman presenting an acute diplophia after a nasal pterygium surgery. the medical rectus muscle was cut during the primary surgery which was immediately reported and the muscle was reinserted to its original site and recovery was more or less obtained. conclusion: anatomical consideration met...

purpose : to determine the anatomical site and underlying causes of blindness and severe visual impairment (bl/svi), in schools for the blind in east azerbaijan state with determining potentially preventable and treatable causes. methods : between october 2003 and november 2004 a total of 124 students attending three schools for the blind in east azerbaijan state were examined clinically and da...

Regarding the increasing numbers of IV drug addicts, the incidence of infected pseudoaneurysm is increasing. So far, different therapeutic strategies have been tried, but each method has its own drawbacks. Therefore, discovering an appropriate therapeutic method is necessary. 65 patients with infected pseudoaneurysm due to drug injection referred to Shohada Medical Center from Feb 1994 til...

introdouction: the aim of the present study was to investigate image magnification in digital panoramic radiography and assess the effect of anatomical sites on the magnification in both males and females. materials and methods: in this retrospective study, digital panoramic radiographs of 48 patients with 202 implants were investigated. implant diameter and length were measured on panoramic ra...

BACKGROUND The musculoskeletal disorders in working population represent one of the most worrying work-related health issues at the present time and although the very great majority of available data on the subject focus on musculoskeletal disorders defined by anatomical site, a growing number of studies indicate the low prevalence of disorders strictly confined to a specific anatomical site. T...