Anatomic variations in forensic extrahepatic bile ducts is common. Knowledge of extrahepatic bile duct variations is important for surgeons in order to prevent iatrogenic damage during surgery. This study aims to determine the variations in extrahepatic bile ducts among 150 cadavers located at the Kerman Medicine Organization. We performed autopsies on 150 cadavers. Bile ducts were exposed an...

introduction: the horizontal bony canal in the lateral maxillary wall is the site of anastomosis between the arterial branches from the posterior superior alveolar artery (psaa) and the infraorbital artery. this anatomic structure is known as the ‘alveolar antral artery’.   materials and methods: we performed a literature review. the anatomic location of the alveolar antral artery in the latera...

Introduction: The horizontal bony canal in the lateral maxillary wall is the site of anastomosis between the arterial branches from the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAa) and the infraorbital artery. This anatomic structure is known as the ‘alveolar antral artery’.   Materials and Methods: We performed a literature review. The anatomic location of the alveolar antral artery in the latera...

awareness of the presence of the accessory renal artery in kidney transplant, treatment of renal artery stenosis, clinical assessment of renal vascular hypertension, radiology and angiography interventions is very helpful. in 30% of cases the accessory renal artery is separated from the abdominal aorta and in most cases, this artery along with the main artery entered to the kidney through the h...

dental anatomical variations play a significant role in the diagnosis and a successful treatment outcome in endodontics. it is essential for the clinician to have a clear picture and understanding of the pulpal anatomy and its variations. in a mandibular second premolar, it is rare to find extra roots and canals. the aim of the present article is to report a case about the successful diagnosis,...

we report a rare case of a two-rooted maxillary central incisor, stressing the importance of three-dimensional imaging in treatment planning and conservative approach of management. endodontic treatment of this central incisor was carried out with a successful outcome.

the anterior cruciate ligament (acl) is composed of two bundles, which work together to provide both antero-posterior and rotatory stability of the knee. understanding the anatomy and function of the acl plays a key role in management of patients with acl injury. anatomic acl reconstruction aims to restore the function of the native acl. femoral and tibial tunnels should be placed in their anat...

background: finding the safe location of spinal cord for cerebrospinal fluid (csf) during surgical procedures is very important due to its various nature for each patient as well as its potential peripheral nervous system hazards. the aim of this study was to find the relationship between the location of conus medullaris (cm) and gender, age and body mass index (bmi) in order to minimize the po...