There are at least 6,000 languages spoken in the world today [1]. The world’s languages are represented by a variety of writing systems called “orthographies.” Orthographies are the symbols used to represent spoken language. You are looking at one type of orthography now, as you read this! So, an orthography consists of the symbols used to turn a spoken language into a written form. However, or...

According to the Universal Writing System Constraint, all writing systems encode language, and thus reflect basic properties of the linguistic system they encode. According to a second universal, the Universal Phonological Principle, the activation of word pronunciations occurs for skilled readers across all writing systems. We review recent research that illustrates the implications of these t...

Reading of alphabetic writing systems, such as English, has been extensively studied and most theories models reading are based on findings from these studies. This practice raises a practical question regarding whether systems can be extended to other Korean or Chinese, more fundamental about the universality mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss how different contribute an understanding univ...

How language experience affects visual word recognition has been a topic of intense interest. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study compared the early electrophysiological responses (i.e., N1) to familiar and unfamiliar writings under different conditions. Thirteen native Chinese speakers (with English as their second language) were recruited to passively view four types of s...

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI) was used to investigate how the human brain processes phonology and transforms a word's visual form (orthography) into phonological form during reading in logographic Chinese, a writing system that differs markedly from alphabetic languages. We found that reading aloud of irregular words produced larger MR signal intensity changes ov...

The research consists of one chapter, represented in several topics and axes, taking from distractions such as "voice, voice character" Kurdish language writing a material for this study. After the introduction we talked about existence more than alphabet writing, historical indications that indicate presence BC.
 Then distraction reasons create difference between dialects, because deletio...

Much research on literacy development has focused on learners of alphabetic writing systems. Researchers have hypothesized that children learn about the formal characteristics of writing before they learn about the relations between units of writing and units of speech. We tested this hypothesis by examining young Chinese children's understanding of writing. Mandarin-speaking 2- to 5-year-olds ...


Brian
Rotman
argues
that
(one)
“mind”
and
(one)
“god”
are
 only
conceivable,
literally,
because
of
(alphabetic)
literacy,
which
 allowed
us
to
designate
each
of
these
ghosts
as
an
incorporeal,
speaker‐ independent
“I”
(or,
in
the
case
of
infinity,
a
notional
agent
that
goes
on
 counting
forever).
I
argue
that
to
have
a
mind
is
to
have
the
capacity
to
 feel.
No
one
can
be
sure
which
organisms
f...