A major factor that contributes to congestion on today’s freeways is the severe inhomogeneities of the traffic streams. If the traffic density can be controlled, congestion can be eliminated and delays can be reduced. This goal can be achieved by properly controlling the mean speed of traffic on each section of the freeway lane as well as the ramp entering rates. In this paper a fuzzy traffic d...

This article summarizes an evaluation of the Maximum Allowable Cost (MAC)-Estimated Acquisition Cost (EAC) program, the Federal Government's cost-containment program for prescription drugs. The MAC-EAC regulations which became effective on August 26, 1976, have four major components: (1) Maximum Allowable Cost reimbursement limits for selected multisource or generically available drugs; (2) Est...

Combinatorial auctions are desirable as they enable bidders to express the synergistic values of a group of assets and thus may lead to better allocations. Compared to other types of auctions, they keep bidders from being exposed to risks (of receiving only parts of combinations that would be valuable to them) or from being overly cautious (in order to minimize such risks). However, computation...

Purpose Chiropractic care is covered under Medicare, but the scope of services is restricted. The Demonstration of Expanded Coverage of Chiropractic Services under Medicare projected that expanded services would cost Medicare up to $1.15 billion annually. The potential expansion of chiropractic services under Medicare remains controversial. Advocates for expansion cite clinical effectiveness an...

The clotting cascade plays an essential role in hemostasis but also contributes to many pathological processes, such as thrombosis. The cascade can be divided into 2 major phases: initiation and amplification (Figure). The initiation phase is triggered by the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex (known as the extrinsic pathway) and generates small amounts of thrombin that activates cofactors (FVII...

Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique is required to meet the increased demand for high speed, large capacity communications in optical networks. In this paper, the transmission performance of a spectral amplitude coding (SAC)-OCDMA network is investigated when a conventional single mode fiber (SMF) is used as the transmission link. The results can be used as guidelines to ass...

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) sources has many advantages for use in high-data-rate optical wireless communications (OWCs). In particular, the low-cost and high-bandwidth properties laser sources, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), make them attractive future indoor OWCs. order to be integrated into networks, should conform eye safety reg...