Many programs have been written to play two-player games, but few for multiplayer games in which negotiation becomes important. Diplomacy is a popular board game in which players assume the roles of the major protagonists of world war one. It is a game of negotiations; alliances, promises kept and promises broken. In order to survive a player needs help from others. Knowing whom to trust, when ...

The brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, active in the last years of the eighteenth century and first part of the nineteenth, are excellent examples of the cosmopolitan scholar and Universalgelehrter (polymath). Wilhelm, a Prussian diplomat and government administrator, is chiefly remembered as a linguist who made important contributions to the philosophy of the world’s languages, as we...

I N the 1950s the hydrogen bomb was new; it was also fearsome. Some of the test explosions produced debris that was dispersed by high-altitude winds, dropping radioactive fallout over an entire hemisphere. Some geneticists feared that mutations induced by the radiation would constitute a significant genetic hazard to future generations. Other people argued that the tests were a necessary part o...

the first years of russian marching to transoxiana were not the climax of their authority. some of the reformist advocates tended to proceed inside the country after the defeating crimea (1854). the idea even permeated among the greater community. these groups wanted to establish liberal institutions and constitutional government as those of european countries. alexander the second, the new tsa...

It is a great personal pleasure for me to address this conference, honoring the life and work of Alexander Romanovich Luria. I am not a Russian and I am acutely aware that I am speaking to you, so to speak, from afar, about a person you know very differently than I do. So, to begin with, I want to give a brief account of how I first encountered Alexander Romanovich and his work. I will then pro...

Alexander A. Danilov1,∗, Vasily K. Kramarenko and Alexandra S. Yurova 1 Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina 8, Moscow, 119333, Russia, [email protected] 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia, [email protected] 3 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Deparment of Computational Mathematic...

5 Jianping Wang, Ruiting Lan, Yuriy A. Knirel, Xia Luo, Sof’ya N. Senchenkova , Alexander 6 S. Shashkov , Jianguo Xu, Qiangzheng Sun 7 1 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation 8 Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable 9 Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, P.O. Box 5, Changping, Be...

Dmitry A. Ivanov State research center of Russia, Central Research Institute of Robotics and Technical Cybernetics 194064 Saint Petersburg, RUSSIA [email protected] Alexander V. Arkhipov State research center of Russia, Central Research Institute of Robotics and Technical Cybernetics 194064 Saint Petersburg, RUSSIA [email protected] Boris N. Sokolov Russian academy of science, Saint Pe...