BACKGROUND Although chlorhexidine-based solutions and alcohol-based povidone-iodine have been shown to be more efficient than aqueous povidone-iodine for skin disinfection at catheter insertion sites, their abilities to reduce catheter-related infection have never been compared. METHODS Consecutively scheduled central venous catheters inserted into jugular or subclavian veins were randomly as...

New technological and scientific advances in the development of sensors actuators demand new devices to deal with recent problems challenges these emerging processes. Moreover, paper-based have tremendous potential for developing as paper exhibits capillary transport hygroexpansion due swelling fibers when absorbing water. Therefore, this proposes a mini actuator that is based on hygro-thermal-...

Procedural and surgical site infections create difficult and complex clinical scenarios. A source for pathogens is often thought to be the skin surface, making skin preparation at the time of the procedure critical. The most common skin preparation agents used today include products containing iodophors or chlorhexidine gluconate. Agents are further classified by whether they are aqueous-based ...

chemical methods ( actinometry ) depend on the measurement of the extent to which a chemical reaction occurs under the influence of uv light. two chemical actinometers have been used in this research. in one method, the mixtures of potassium peroxidisuiphate butanol solutions were irradiated for various time intervals, and ph-changes were determined. a linear relationship was observed between t...

Of the various chemical methods described in the literature for the determination of ethyl alcohol (1) the majority are based upon the oxidation of the alcohol to acetic acid by means of potassium dichromate in the presence of a high concentration of sulfuric acid. Typical of these methods are the ones devised by Widmark (2) and by Nicloux (3). Widmark reports that it is not possible to calcula...