the modern infirmary is the evolutional product of the dialectic interface between medical theories at each time and the outcome of their application in clinical practice. the infirmary as we know it today did not exist during antiquity, but the different precursors of the modern hospital emerged as a result of the interaction between medical theory and practice. during antiquity the hippocrati...

studying the prominent iranian-islamic scientific texts of middle ages in the field of ophthalmology may play a role in recognizing the science of traditional ophthalmology and its crucial diagnostic and therapeutic points. the most important and reliable resources in the context of ophthalmology belong to iranian scientists. this study collects these references and provides their relative equi...

already existing high circulatory levels of cortisol and the Circadian rhythm of cortisol production. The final paper presents a useful plot of cortisol against ACTH in plasma in the normal state and in syndromes involving pituitary-adrenal pathology. Good bibliographies accompany the papers and the editors have provided a glossary of abbreviations and formulas for pharmaceutical brand names oc...

Today, the Specialist in Otorhinolaryngology often has to perform surgery requiring an endocranial approach, as, for instance, in the case of neoplastic or inflammatory disorders, or even in malformations. These specialists should, therefore, not forget one of the most important Chapters in the History of Medicine and Ethnology: that related to the evolution of craniotomy over thousands of year...

Asteroseismology has been recognized for a long time as a very powerful mean to probe stellar interiors. The oscillations frequencies are closely related to stellar internal structure properties via the density and the sound speed profiles. Since these properties are in turn tightly linked with the mass and evolutionary state, we can expect to determine the age and mass of a star from the compa...