background: it has been reported that epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system that causes memory impairment. this study examines the role of the aqueous extract of boswellia on the learning disability of the pentylenetetrazol (ptz)‑induced kindled rats. methods: in this experimental study, 64 male rats were used. kindling seizures were induced by three injections of 25 mg/kg of ptz...

introduction: lead (pb) is a neurotoxin that its different effects on the central nervous system are well-known. previous studies have reported the potent effects of vitamin c on memory.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin c against leadinduced amnesia. methods: male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: the control (saline), negative control (lead), ...

Effects of pre- and post-natal undernutrition on learning and memory parameters were studied in albino rats. Prenatal undernutrition was induced in rat pups by restricting the mother's diet by 50% during the entire gestation period, whereas postnatal undernutrition was induced in rat pups by restriction of their diet by rotating them between lactating and non-lactating maternalised females for ...

introduction: neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. the hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. estrogen receptors (ers) are highly expressed in ca1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. estradiol receptor belong to a family of t...

Patients with anxiety disorders often experience a relapse in symptoms after exposure therapy. Similarly, threat responses acquired during Pavlovian threat conditioning often return after extinction learning. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative methods to persistently reduce threat responding. Studies in rodents have suggested that exercising behavioral control over an aversive stimulu...

Normal controls and schizophrenic patients on propranolol as sole drug or combined with neuroleptics showed superior active and passive avoidance learning to schizophrenic patients who were medicated with conventional neuroleptics only. Active avoidance involved responding quickly, passive avoidance withholding a response to avoid an unpleasant noise and reacting to the appropriate stimulus. Th...

In this study we tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO), which function as a novel type of inter-cellular messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) participated in the facilitator effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on learning and memory. Recent investigations have provided evidences that inhibition of NO synthesis attenuated the vasodilatation caused by AVP, and inhibited the impro...

Open field activity was studied in Wistar rats. Animals with low scores of ambulatory and rearing behaviours were grouped as hypoactive and those with high scores as hyperactive. Acquisition of active avoidance learning in a shuttle box was studied in the two groups. Hyperactive rats in contrast to hypoactive rats showed a better acquisition of avoidance learning. Learning was suppressed in bot...

Much of the early research in aversive learning concerned motivation and reinforcement in avoidance conditioning and related paradigms. When the field transitioned toward the focus on Pavlovian threat conditioning in isolation, this paved the way for the clear understanding of the psychological principles and neural and molecular mechanisms responsible for this type of learning and memory that ...