INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy is a topical treatment of pathogens that involves the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer), which is non-toxic when not exposed to light and activated by light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The highly cytotoxic oxygen species generated by the induced photophysical processes inactivate the pathogenic cells. The PURPOSE of this study w...

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgical hand rubbing (SHR) with the efficacy of surgical hand scrubbing (SHS), and to determine the costs of both techniques for surgical hand disinfection. A review of studies reported in the literature that compared the efficacy of SHS and SHR was performed using MEDLINE. The costs of SHR and SHS were estimated based on standard hospital c...

Effective irrigant delivery and agitation are prerequisites to promote root canal disinfection and debris removal and improve successful endodontic treatment. This paper presents an overview of the currently available technologies to improve the cleaning of the endodontic space and their debridement efficacy. A PubMed electronic search was conducted with appropriate key words to identify the re...

Both hospital effluent and a model sewage treatment plant (STP) wastewater prepared by mixing STP influent secondary at volume ratio of 1:9 were directly treated with chlorine for investigation their effects on disinfection antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) antimicrobial-susceptible (AMSB). The overall results indicate that the effectively inactivated majority AMRB AMSB, expect MRSA Staph...