INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting prevalently young adults (1, 2). The pathogenesis of MS has long been attributed to self-reactive T cells but recently the relevant role of B cells has also been recognized (2, 3). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that innate immunity has a pivotal role in the ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of small RNAs that constitute a new layer of complexity to gene regulation within the cell, which has provided new perspectives in understanding cancer biology. The deregulation of miRNAs contributes critically to the development and pathophysiology of a number of cancers. miRNAs have been found to participate in cell transformation and multiplication by acting...

Many pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, are carried asymptomatically on the nasopharyngeal mucosa and spread among individuals by close contact. Clinical disease results when pneumococci escape from the mucosa and invade sterile sites. Although systemic immunity can prevent invasive disease, control of person-to-person spread is probably dependent on immunity acting at the mucosal s...

the plant-pathogen interaction is a multifactor process that may lead to resistance or susceptible responses of plant to pathogens. during the arms race between plant and pathogens, various biochemical, molecular and physiological events are triggered in plant cells such as ros signaling, hormone activation and gene expression reprogramming. in plants, micrornas (mirnas) are key post-transcript...

Federal appellate judges cite cases by sister circuits. Why is that? Common wisdom holds that judges look to out-of-circuit cases for credible legal arguments -as persuasive precedent. But hard-core adherents of the attitudinal model (Segal and Spaeth 2002) – and certain cynical realists and critical legal studies scholars – might argue that judges decide in accordance with their policy or poli...

conclusions this report highlighted the importance and the safety of this regimen to treat hcv in the elderly. case presentation here, a case of chronic hcv was described in a 65-year-old female with diabetes and low platelet count. the patient was treated successfully by a combination of sofosbuvir+ ribavirin without major side effects. introduction hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major public he...

introduction: there is a limited number of case reports published in the past decade confirming the radio-iodine presence in the tear. these observations as well as reported cases of salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction after radioiodine therapy stimulated investigators to clarify whether lacrimal gland function can be affected post-radioiodine therapy. hence we planned a historical cohort s...

Severe malaria occurs predominantly in young children and immunity to clinical disease is associated with cumulative exposure in holoendemic settings. The relative contribution of immunity against various stages of the parasite life cycle that results in controlling infection and limiting disease is not well understood. Here we analyse the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection aft...

A disordered region at the N-terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor can fine tune how cells respond to a hormone via an allosteric mechanism.