1. Techniques for the measurement of unidirectional flux rates in fish which require no anaesthesia or surgery are described. 2. Resting values for Cl- uptake at 10 and 17 degrees C were 8-03 +/- 1-11 and 13-52 +/- 0-95 mu-equiv. 200 g-1 h-1 (+/- S.E.), respectively; and for Na+ the rates were 15-49 +/- 0-40 and 26-30 +/- 0-36, respectively. 3. Hypercapnic acidosis caused an increase in Na+ upt...

Ventricular fibrillation in hypothermia develops at an oesophageal temperature of about 27°C. During heart surgery performed under cardiopulmonary bypass, fibrillation at this temperature is noted as a rule. Under such circumstances, however, this otherwise fatal irregularity, in fact, facilitates the work of the surgeon, since the operation can be performed on an immobile heart. Electrical def...

Nearly two centuries of progress have established the major components of the plant cell wall, a composite that includes interpenetrating networks of cellulose (Payen, 1838; Schulze, 1891), microfibrils (Frey-Wyssling et al., 1948; Preston et al., 1948), pectin (Braconnot, 1825) and lignin (Payen, 1838). However, only over the last five decades has a relatively minor hydroxyproline-rich structu...

Hypotension to a mean blood pressure of 33 mmHg for periods of 70 to 187 minutes was induced by increasing the inspired halothane concentration in 11 baboons which were already anaesthetized with 0·5% halothane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen. During hypotension, cerebral blood flow, measured by Xenon clearance and by a carotid electromagnetic flowmeter, decreased by more than half, and sagittal sin...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among critically ill patients. Because it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, efforts are being made to identify AKI early to increase the likelihood of successful intervention. Serum creatinine, the primary parameter used to diagnose AKI, is universally considered a late marker. One of the major problems associated with AKI is acidbase ...

The accurate interpretation of laboratory tests in patients with acid-base disorders is critical for understanding pathophysiology, making a diagnosis, planning effective treatment and monitoring progress. This is an important topic particularly for junior medical staff who may encounter acidbase problems outside normal working hours when patients become acutely unwell. These clinical situation...

I read the interesting article by Zampieri and colleagues [1] reporting the new association between inflammatory cytokines and acid-base components in 87 ICU patients. I would like to note that whatever approach is used to investigate the acid-base status (the celebrated bicarbonate-centered approach, the base excess methodology or the physicochemical approach) most of the acidbase parameters h...