This paper views Islamist radicals as self-interested political revolutionaries and builds on a general model of political extremism developed in a previous paper (Ferrero, 2002), where extremism is modelled as a production factor whose effect on expected revenue is initially positive and then turns negative, and whose level is optimally chosen by a revolutionary organization. The organization ...

This study examines the effect of exposure to communal violence on support for violent religious extremism. We argue that in communities with high levels of violence, individuals normalize aggressive behaviors and come to see non-conventional, black-or-white ideologies as more appealing. Using data from over 7,500 respondents in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad, we employ multilevel structural equ...

T he concept of retinal vital staining is not new. There has however been renewed interest in the subject since indocyanine green (ICG) was introduced as a vital stain to highlight the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during macular surgery. ICG’s well known role in cardiac and choroidal angiography exploits its properties as a fluorophore, but its role as a macular vital stain relies on its pr...

there is a general rule in criminal law, principal of innocence. according to this rule, who asserts must prove. if she succeeds, ,this principal is replaced by pricipal of criminality, (as this pricipal is valid as far as the contrary is not proven). so, it is clear that the validity of this pricipal is based on the circumstances and reasonable inferences from these circumstances. if the situa...

What is community resilience in relation to violent extremism, and how can we build it? This article explores strategies to harness community assets that may contribute to preventing youth from embracing violent extremism, drawing from models of community resilience as defined in relation to disaster preparedness. Research suggests that social connection is at the heart of resilient communities...

support of the individual rights and freedom is one of the purposes of criminal procedural rules. police detention or surveillance is contrary to the individual rights. in accordance with obvious rules, police at both american and iranian systems of justice might arrest someone. this matter has an exceptional aspect. it is essential to observe two provisions in which include “visible crime” and...

This paper extends the club model of religion to better account for observed patterns of extremism. We adapt existing models to a multi-agent framework and analyze the distribution of agents and clubs. We find that extremism is more successful when religious groups are able to produce close substitutes for standard goods and that increased access to publicly provided goods can reduce the extrem...