The spin Seebeck effect refers to the generation of a spin voltage caused by a temperature gradient in a ferromagnet, which enables the thermal injection of spin currents from the ferromagnet into an attached nonmagnetic metal over a macroscopic scale of several millimeters. The inverse spin Hall effect converts the injected spin current into a transverse charge voltage, thereby producing elect...

This paper studies 40 years of evolution in the German laser industry to test the generality of evolutionary patterns observed in the U.S. laser industry. Key characteristics found in the U.S. industry are also present in Germany. There is sustained entry into the industry, and neither a shakeout nor first-mover advantages of early entrants are observed. A survival analysis finds that, similar ...

A new family of composite decoupling sequences designed for heteronuclear broadband decoupling of spin-l and spin-f in solids and liquid crystals is introduced. The pulse sequences are windowless and perform net rotations in spin space about magic-angle axes. Computer simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate their decoupling performance and to discuss their susceptibili...

A deterministic cellular automaton rule is presented which simulates the Ising model. On each cell in addition to an lsing spin is a space-time parity bit and a variable playing the role of a momentum conjugate to the spin. The procedure permits study of nonequilibrium phenomena, heat flow, mixing, and time correlations. The algorithm can make full use of multispin coding, thus permitting fast ...

the synthesis, spectroscopy and magnetic characterization of five new dinuclear copper(ii) complexes are described. all five compounds have the general formula [cu2(l)4(o-r)2](cl)2 or [cu2(l)2(cl)2](cl)2, in which r = ch3 or h, l=2, 3 or 4-pyridinemethanol as l2, l3 or l4, respectively. the title compounds consist of dinuclear units with bridging methoxo groups in [cu2(l4)4(o-ch3)2](cl)2, hydro...

When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms there is a potentially costly trade-off – their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge production. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector that may reduce academic research productivity and adversely impact university performance and long-run economic growth. In this ...