This paper focuses on new democracies in Eastern Europe and addresses two questions about the translation of social cleavages into political oppositions. The first question concerns the translation of pre-existing cleavages. In brief, does the evolution of new party systems influence the politicization of social conflicts? The second question concerns the translation of new social cleavages, i....

evaluation of the factors affecting students’ academic failure in urmia university of medical sciences in 1390   rahimi b [1] , kazemi n [2] , mohammadpour y [3] , rahmatnejad l [4] , jabbari n [5] *      received: 1 jul , 2013 accepted: 3 sep , 2013      abstract   background & aims : academic failure of the students in higher education is one of the major problems. this study aims to examine ...

background and purpose: considering the importance of comprehensive basic sciences exams in determining the academic level of medical students, this study was done to find the correlation between personal and academic characteristics of medical students entered the medical faculty of kermanshah university in 1379 and the results of the 28 th   comprehensive basic medical sciences exam. methods:...

This study investigated the relations between eight characteristics of teaching and students’ academic emotions (enjoyment, pride, anxiety, anger, helplessness and boredom) across four academic domains (mathematics, physics, German, and English). 121 students (50% female; 8th and 11th graders) were asked about their perceptions of teaching characteristics and their academic emotions using the e...