In the third of a series of four articles the authors show the calculation of measures of association and discuss their usefulness in clinical decision making. From the rates of death or other "events" in experimental and control groups in a clinical trial, we can calculate the relative risk (RR) of the event after the experimental treatment, expressed as a percentage of the risk without such t...

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical impact of a prophylactic treatment with sublingual immunostimulation in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) with the use of antibiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study evaluating the medical records of 669 women with rUTIs; 339 had a 6-month prophylaxis with antibiotics and 360 a 3-month prophylaxis with a sublingual ...

Sir, We read with great interest the recent article on the antiproteinuric effect of losartan when compared with amlodipine [1]. Though we agree with the findings of the authors, we are unable to assess the clinical significance of this article from the data provided. A perusal of table 1 (Baseline characteristics) indicates that the patients receiving losartan had considerably more proteinuria...

Physicians expect a treatment to be more effective when its clinical outcomes are described as relative rather than as absolute risk reductions. We examined whether effects of presentation method (relative vs. absolute risk reduction) remain when physicians are provided the baseline risk information, a vital piece of statistical information omitted in previous studies. Using a between-subjects ...

We study the representative consumer’s risk attitude and efficient risk-sharing rules in a singleperiod, single-good economy in which consumers have homogeneous probabilistic beliefs but heterogeneous risk attitudes. We prove that if all consumers have convex absolute risk tolerance, so must the representative consumer. We also identify a relationship between the curvature of an individual cons...

In Analytic SSA, an approximate upper bound to the logdet term in Eq. 4 is computed (Hara et al., 2012). Without re-deriving this bound entirely, we present its final steps, which we use to obtain the bounds for KSSA and NLSSA.

We establish when the two problems of minimizing a function of lifetime minimum wealth and of maximizing utility of lifetime consumption result in the same optimal investment strategy on a given open interval O in wealth space. To answer this question, we equate the two investment strategies and show that if the individual consumes at the same rate in both problems – the consumption rate is a c...

In this article, we prove that the commensurability class of a closed, orientable, hyperbolic 3–manifold is determined by the surface subgroups of its fundamental group. Moreover, we prove that there can be only finitely many closed, orientable, hyperbolic 3–manifolds that have the same set of surfaces.