introduction: contrast sensitivity is one of the most important psychophysical tests that may be used for the evaluation of refractive state of eye and retinal image quality. yellow vs. blue color contrast sensitivity may be more suitable in this regard. materials and methods: thirty myopic eyes were considered in this study. yellow vs. blue color contrast sensitivity was evaluated under the sa...

normal sex differentiation is the result of long ways and different steps that consecutively take place under the control of relevant enzymes resulting in a normal female or male. any effective agent and excess or deficit of the relevant enzymes result in the disorder of sex development. the main factors that affect sex development include chromosomal aberration, gonadal dysgenesis, and hormona...

Abstract: Contrast transfer function (CTF) is a vital in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It expresses to what extent amplitudes converted from the phase changes of diffracted waves contribute TEM image, including effects lens aberrations. Simulation very helpful understand application thoroughly. In this work, we develop CTFscope as component Landyne software suite, calculate CTF with t...

Corneal and ocular aberrations were measured in a group of eyes before and after cataract surgery with spherical intraocular lens (IOL) implantation by use of well-tested techniques developed in our laboratory. By subtraction of corneal from total aberration maps, we also estimated the optical quality of the intraocular lens in vivo. We found that aberrations in pseudophakic eyes are not signif...

A fundamental problem facing sensory systems is to recover useful information about the external world from signals that are corrupted by the sensory process itself. Retinal images in the human eye are affected by optical aberrations that cannot be corrected with ordinary spectacles or contact lenses, and the specific pattern of these aberrations is different in every eye. Though these aberrati...

Optical aberrations lead to defects in image-forming, the image obtained being imperfect and thereby decreasing the quality of vision. When an optic system is not perfect, as happens with the eye, the rays of light that pass through the system produce optical aberrations. The purpose of this review is to describe optical aberrations and their impact on vision and how refractive surgery outcomes...