There are many different ideas of understanding in the experimental economics literature, leading to much debate and conflict between various methodological positions. It is argued that a Gricean approach to the notion of understanding is one which makes most sense in the context of experimentation and provides a robust theoretical background for assessing understanding in practical experiments...

In a systematic effort to design potent inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic tyrosine kinase BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) as anti-leukemic agents with apoptosis-promoting and chemosensitizing properties, we have constructed a three-dimensional homology model of the BTK kinase domain. Our modeling studies revealed a distinct rectangular binding pocket near the hinge region of the BTK kinase domain...

The draft genome sequences of two heat-resistant mutant strains, A52 and B41, derived from Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM 1710, and with different hydrogen production levels, are reported here. These sequences may help understand the molecular basis of heat resistance and hydrogen production in R. capsulatus.

Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have attracted considerable interest as bio-fertilisers due to their multiple beneficial effects on plant quantity and quality and their positive relationship with the ecological environment. Advancements in the development of PGPF for crops and economic plant cultivation applications have been achieved, but such improvements for the use of PGPF with popular ...

I argue that it is microeconomics that needs foundations, not macroeconomics. Preferences need to be built on biology, and, in particular, on neuroscience. In contrast, macroeconomics could benefit from rationalizations of aggregate economic phenomena by non-equilibrium statistical physics. Special issue Reconstructing Macroeconomics JEL: B22, B41, C82, D87

Several studies indicate that humans are overconfident about their own (relative) abilities. We propose a notion of pragmatic beliefs, and show through an example that this concept can shed light on why overconfidence emerges. Through the example, we also shed light on the idea that that ’bounded rationality’ may arise endogenously in a game without assuming complexity costs. JEL codes: B41, C7...

Background and Aims: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of livestock which has made a barrier to hygiene causing severe loss in livestock and their products. The aim of this study was the assessment of antibody response against foot and mouth disease virus  types A13, A15 , O2010, after injection of FMD vaccine candidate produced by Razi Institue. Mater...

It is generally accepted that longer microsatellites mutate more frequently in defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) than shorter microsatellites. Indeed, we have previously observed that the A10 microsatellite of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) frameshifts -1 bp at a faster rate than the A8 microsatellite of activin type II receptor (ACVR2), although both genes become f...