Efficient Natural Evolution Strategies (eNES) is a novel alternative to conventional evolutionary algorithms, using the natural gradient to adapt the mutation distribution. Unlike previous methods based on natural gradients, eNES uses a fast algorithm to calculate the inverse of the exact Fisher information matrix, thus increasing both robustness and performance of its evolution gradient estima...

Bicyclic aziridines show exclusive photochromic behavior. Here, we summarize the results of optical and electrochemical properties, such as photochemical, solvatochromic, electrochromic andkinetic behavior of bicyclic aziridines linked to chalcone moieties. The photochromic process for conversion of closed photoisomers to open photoisomers for compounds 1-10 followed zero-order kinetics. For co...

Reactions of chlorine (Cl(2)) with 4-halo-1,1,2-trifluorobut-1-enes (1, 2, or 3) give open-ion intermediates A and E that are in equilibrium. The open-chloronium ions (E) rearrange to a five-membered-ring halonium ion during ionic chlorination of 3 when the number-4 halo-substituent is iodine. Three-membered-ring bromonium and iodonium ions from alkenes 1, 2, or 3 are rather symmetrical and sim...

The doubly diastereoselective [3,3]-sigmatropic aza-Claisen rearrangement of silylketene aminals derived from 5-substituted (3S,4E,alphaR)-1-benzyloxy-3-[N-acyl-N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)amino]pent-4-enes furnishes 2,3-disubstituted (R)-N-alpha-methylbenzyl (2S,3R,4E)-7-benzyloxyhept-4-enamides in >90% de under the "matched" control of both stereogenic centres. Rearrangement of the "mismatched" dia...

Genetic divergence in forest trees: understanding the consequences of climate change Antoine Kremer*, Brad M. Potts and Sylvain Delzon INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversit e G enes et Communaut es, Cestas F-33610, France; Universit e de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversit e G enes et Communaut es, Talence, F-33410 France; and School of Plant Science and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University o...

We study matrices in the (Max; +) algebra. We introduce a new tool for describing the deterministic spectral behaviour of matrices of size 3 3. It consists in a graphical representation of eigenvectors and domains of attraction in the projective space. It appears to be very helpful in understanding some of the phenomena occurring in this algebra. Une Repr esentation Graphique pour les Matrices ...