Introduction Metaphilosophy is all the rage nowadays. Philosophers are becoming increasingly self-conscious about their methodology, as this volume showcases. And rightly so—it is part of our job description to put thinking under the microscope, and that obviously should include our philosophical thinking. Much as we want philosophers of physics, of biology, of mathematics, and so on to scrutin...

Contextualism in epistemology is the view that on different occasions of utterance, the English verb know expresses different propositional attitudes—attitudes that vary in the required degree or kind of justification. For terminological convenience, I will distinguish between two contextualist theses. First, there is what Iʼll call linguistic contextualism (LC). By linguistic contextualism, I ...

This article examines Martin Luther’s political theology via his theological contributions to discourses, reviewing select biblical commentaries, sermons, and catechism identify important themes. In light of negative assessments views, it is consult texts when analyzing ideas. To understand presentation a theology, comprehend how exegeses informed views. Luther differed from others in that idea...

everal recent studies on Borges have explored the many philosophical motifs that he employs in his short stories.1 This philosophical reading seems to be justified by a number of Borges’ own statements about both his biography and his work. For example, in the Preface to The Gold of the Tigers (1972), he refers to his “philosophical preoccupation” which he says “has been with [him] since [his] ...

Sunnah is the second source of exegeses Holy Quran and Islamic Shariah from which Ahkam instructions are derived. The explanation interpretation was main duty Prophet SAW as described by Quran. In this article we had given arguments Quran, itself consensus Sahabah Tabieen to prove authenticity sunnah in classified briefly into two categories: first direct clear Quranic words phrases, indirect t...

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Philosophical perspectives are worldviews that define the nature of the world, the individual’s place in it, and the possible relationships to that world and its parts. Learning and instructional theories are developed with respect to a particular set of assumptions regarding what it means to know and learn. It is our contention that when situational variables require some decision on the part ...

The historical development of concepts of causality in philosophy is described. Since the Enlightenment and the growth of science, exponents of the two most important concepts, determinism and teleology, have been in conflict. At the inception of psychoanalysis at the end of the nineteenth century this conflict was particularly intense. It was the cause of the first major schism in psychoanalys...