A precise determination of direct and indirect costs of implementing the Freedom of Information Act is not possible because agencies generally lack detailed supporting records. Costs of over $61 million were identified mainly from agencies’ 1981 annual reports. The reports vary widely in the ways costs are categorized and measured but provide an indicator of total cost. Inquiries at four agenci...

This article addresses the U.S. Supreme Court's central purpose formulation in Reporters Committee v. Department of Justice under the federal Freedom of Information Act. By examining all lower federal court opinions interpreting Reporters Committee and by analyzing the effects of the Court's opinion on the implementation of the FOIA, the paper finds that the Court's opinion has greatly narrowed...

4. We will publish an analysis of responses to the consultation. Additionally, all responses may be disclosed on request, under the terms of the Freedom of Information Act. The Act gives a public right of access to any information held by a public authority, in this case HEFCE. This includes information provided in response to a consultation. We have a responsibility to decide whether any respo...

Schisandra sphenanthera is widely used as a tonic and restorative in many countries to enhance the function of liver and other organs. Wuzhi tablet (WZ) is a preparation of an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera. Our previous study demonstrated that WZ exerted a protective effect toward acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of this protection rema...

The Supreme Court of California reversed the Superior Court of Fresno County's decision to dismiss the Turpin's claims in the case Turpin v. Sortini [4] on 3 May 1982. The case was based upon a wrongful life [5] claim, in which a disabled child sues physicians for neglecting to inform its parents of potential genetic defects, resulting in harm to the child when it is born. The Turpin case deter...

1 be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly." 15 U.S.C.A. § 1 (1981). Mergers subject to section 1 are prohibited if they constitute a 2 “contract, combination... or conspiracy in restraint of trade." They replace a set of Guidelines issued by the Department in 1968, and are subject to 3 further revision in light of subsequent judicial decisions or economic studies...

the total change in living quality happening in developed countries represents a suitable policy and programming conducted by the government. providing enough power and authority for those who are called as society organizers, there remains no doubt to expect a fruitful national economy and consequently a much better living conditions. according to the rate of changes and family economic evolut...