Rosalind Elsie Franklin worked with X-ray crystallography at King's College London, UK, and she helped determine the helical structure of DNA in the early 1950s. Franklin's research helped establish molecular genetics, a field that investigates how heredity works on the molecular level. The discovery of the structure of DNA also made future research possible into the molecular basis of embryoni...

Lerner, called “The Bunsen Burner” by his high school classmates, was a scientist’s scientist. Born in 1921, he later took Bunsen as his middle name. He earned his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota, both in 1945. In 1952, he moved to Oregon with his friend and colleague Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, who was the newly appointed head of the University of Oregon Medical School’s Div...

E . Donnall Thomas, M.D., Emeritus Director of the Clinical Research Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle, was once called a humble humanitarian. That was when he already had received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1990—but this is only one side of the man who had been a dedicated res...

Early life.—Emory was born 12 April 1920, in Hillsboro, Fountain County, Indiana, the son of Floyd and Estel May McAlister Simmons, the middle child of three girls and two boys. He was very fond of Minnie, his maternal grandmother, called ‘‘Dolly’’ by everyone, who lived with the family. The family moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana, before Emory entered school to a home whose former location is ...

Of all bronchial diseases, fibrinous, plastic, pseudo-membranous or Hoffmann's bronchitis seems to be one of the rarest. It has been estimated that up to 1869 about 130 cases had been reported (Walker, 1920); between 1869 and 1902 Bettmann (1902) collected 50, and between 1902 and 1920 a further 31 were reported (Walker, 1920). From 1920 to 1950 I have collected 25 new ones and these would brin...

A new genus is split off the genus Craspedolcus Enderlein, 1920 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae): Maculibracongen. n. with type species Maculibracon abruptussp. n. The genus Craspedolcus Enderlein sensu stricto is redefined, a key to both genera and to their species in China, Thailand and Vietnam is included. Craspedolcus obscuriventris Enderlein, 1920, (syn. n.) is a new synonym of Craspe...

In the second full paragraph of page 21, change George A. Miller's dates from " (1920—) " to " (1920—2012) " In the last full paragraph of page 33, replace " The claim that these " in the sentence " The claim that these two ... " by " That these " and eliminate the parenthetical sentence following that sentence, (" The claim has not. .. "). Move footnote #51 to occur along with footnote #50.

To determine the difference in age-specific immunoprotection during waves of influenza epidemics, we analyzed excess monthly death data for the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Taiwan. For persons 10-19 years of age, percentage of excess deaths was lowest in 1918 and significantly higher in 1920, perhaps indicating lack of immunoprotection from the first wave.

John Maynard Smith, who died of lung cancer last month at the age of 84, was one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of his generation. He grew up in rural Somerset and was educated at Eton College. There he was stimulated by the writings of J.B.S. Haldane, a life-long influence. As he explained in the introduction to his collection of Haldane’s writings On Being the Right Size, “I ...

Offered an attractive choice of PhD berths, he opted for Columbia, and the theoretician Joseph E. Mayer as supervisor. The war intervened and Doty was deflected for a period into work on heavy water on the periphery of the Manhattan Project. It did not impede his daytime research, which progressed rapidly: he and a fellow student, Bruno Zimm, built the country's first light-scattering instrumen...