The roots of modern medicine can be traced back to the 5th century BC when Hippocratic rational medicine originated on the Greek islands of Cos and Cnidos. In this study we examine the way in which practitioners conducted their profession in Graeco-Roman times, as well as their training. Medical training was by way of apprenticeship with recognized doctors, but no qualifying examinations existe...

The quote above, by the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC to 17 AD), has been an inspiration to me since childhood. It reminds me that accumulating pieces of evidence to tackle difficult questions will in time make an impact. Of course, some discoveries happen suddenly and unexpectedly, whereas others take lifetimes. A question my laboratory has long examined is whether elevated glucose pr...

al-jawahiri, one of the most illustrious contemporary classical poets of iraq, was born in the holy city of najaf to a cultured, scholarly, and cultivated family. the scientific and cultural environment of najaf, the literary and scientific richness of his familial atmosphere, and al-jawahiri’s poetic taste and talent caused him to turn to his predecessor poets’ works, especially the ones from ...

Abstract Until now, the short cult hymns to Liber, Mars and Juno in Appendix Claudianea have mostly been seen as rhetorical school exercises. Yet a philological-historical analysis shows that they could be remains of occasional poetry from everyday life. The are structured according Roman festival calendar and, on basis language content, should probably dated final phase public non-Christian pr...

In antiquity crucifixion was considered one of the most brutal and shameful modes of death. Probably originating with the Assyrians and Babylonians, it was used systematically by the Persians in the 6th century BC. Alexander the Great brought it from there to the eastern Mediterranean countries in the 4th century BC, and the Phoenicians introduced it to Rome in the 3rd century BC. It was virtua...

Previous immunolabeling studies (Roman, L.M., and A.L. Hubbard, 1983, J. Cell Biol., 96:1548-1558; Roman, L.M., and A.L. Hubbard, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 98:1488-1496, companion paper) established leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) as a specific marker for the bile canalicular (BC) domain of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane (PM). In this study, we have isolated membrane from a sonicated PM vesicle fra...

Abstract When we consider classical receptions in terms of presences, often think how antiquity materializes visibly and/or substantially the fabric our histories, whether as physical remains or concrete traditions. Yet search for a solid, conspicuous phenomenon reveals only one side fascinating story can conceive its status and circulation across space time. This article investigates some key ...