W E appreciate the comments by Mendes de Leon (2007) regarding the challenges involved in using multilevel models to analyze aging effects in samples of older adults that combine multiple birth cohorts. The core argument in the latter portion of his commentary focuses on the advantages of using continuous, rather than categorical, outcome variables when analyzing aging-related change. We are in...

cular disease (3 ). Such high concentrations of circulating adhesion molecules may be of interest for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, as demonstrated for ICAM-1 and P-selectin, which provide useful information in healthy individuals and in patients with cardiovascular diseases (9 ). However, reference values for healthy children and adults have not been defined. In the current study, we mea...

We investigated whether there is an age-related decline in implicit learning of an invariant association. Participants memorized letter strings in which a given letter always occurred in the second position (see Frick & Lee, 1995). Experiments 1 and 2 showed that young and older adults learned this regularity implicitly, with no significant age differences, even when a perceptual feature of the...

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that both raloxifene and estrogen would improve insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and that the magnitude of the effect would be similar for both drugs. DESIGN Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study. SETTING The General Clinical Research Center of the University of Michigan Medical Center, a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Forty-fou...

OBJECTIVES (1) To study the natural decline in functional capacity (FC) of healthy aging workers; (2) to compare FC to categories of workload; and (3) to study the differences in decline between men and women. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING A rehabilitation center at a university medical center. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of healthy workers (N=701) between 20 and 60 years of ag...

BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with structural and functional brain changes. Recent models and findings refer to alterations of glutamate and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) in this condition. METHODS Absolute quantities of tNAA, creatine, glutamate, glutamine, myoinositol and total choline were measured using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the left ...

We tested the hypothesis that the elevations in 24-h arterial systolic (SBP) and pulse (PP) pressures with age in sedentary adult females are absent or smaller in women who exercise regularly. Four groups of healthy normotensive women were studied: premenopausal ( n = 12; 29 ± 1 yr, mean ± SE) and postmenopausal ( n = 20; 62 ± 1) sedentary, and premenopausal ( n = 14; 30 ± 1) and postmenopausal...

INTRODUCTION There is debate as to whether physical activity counteracts the adverse effect of weight on health outcomes. We investigated how physical activity modifies the effect of body mass index (BMI) on hypertension risk. METHODS BMI, physical activity, and hypertension were measured at baseline and at three-year interval for 14 years (from 1996 to 2010), in 10,339 participants in the Au...

OBJECTIVE To determine calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels outside migraine attacks in peripheral blood as a potential biomarker for chronic migraine (CM). METHODS Women older than 17 years and diagnosed with CM were recruited. Matched healthy women with no headache history and women with episodic migraine (EM) served as control groups, together with a series of patients with episod...

CONTEXT Normal healthy men and women undergo a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with advancing age. While androgens are protein anabolic in older men, the metabolic effects in older women are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The objective of this study was to determine whether oral administration of a synthetic derivative of testosterone [oxandrolone, Oxandrin (OX)] (7...