It has been known for more than 30 years that Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection drives a very potent B cell response resulting in the production of anti-HIV-1 antibodies targeting several viral proteins, particularly its envelope glycoproteins (Env) which are exposed at the surface of viral particles and infected cells [1]. Enthusiasm by the generation of these anti-Env antibodie...

background: leishmania major is an intracellular parasite transmitted through the bite of the female phlebotomine sand flies. leishmania major is able to escape the host immune defense and survive within macrophages. modulation of the nf-κb (nuclear factor-kappa b) activation and suppression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by l. major are the main evasion mechanisms that remain to be explored...

A survey of caseous lymphadenitis was conducted at a goat and sheep slaughterhouse in Northeastern Brazil One hundred and fifty-eight goats and 43 sheep were examined for the presence of abscesses, with bacterial culturing of purulent material to define the etiological agent. Blood was collected simultaneously for determination of serological titer via the synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test ...

Infected aneurysms caused by Yersinia are very uncommon and are principally due to Yersinia enterocolitica. We describe the first case of an infected aneurysm caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in an elderly patient with a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

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The American opossum inflicts bite injuries both when hunted for food and when accidentally provoked when handled in captivity. This study involved aerobically culturing organisms from the mouths of seven wild opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Isolates included streptococci, coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci, Aeromonas spp., Citrobacter freundii, Eikenella corrodens, and Escherichia...

Diseases of the urachal remnant can present at any age. Urachal adenocarcinoma is the most frequent cause of urachal mass in adults, albeit infected urachal cyst constitutes a significant number. Lack of typical clinical and imaging findings combined with absence of definitive guidelines makes evaluation of urachal mass in adults very challenging. We present a case of a 58-year-old man presenti...