Introduction: One of the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the impaired extinction of traumatic memory. Single prolonged stress (SPS) has been suggested as an animal model of PTSD, since SPS rats exhibited the impaired fear extinction. Oxytocin (OXT) has been recently suggested as a potential pharmacotherapy for treatment of PTSD. In this study, using SPS rats we inve...

The purpose of this study was to examine developmental change and the influence of shyness on social problem-solving (SPS). At 24, 36, and 48 months, children (N=570) were observed while interacting with an unfamiliar peer during an SPS task and at 24 months, maternal report of shyness was collected. Results showed that across the full sample, children displayed low but stable levels of withdra...

Sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacks all of the Ser residues known to be involved in the regulation of higher plant SPS by protein phosphorylation. The Synechocystis SPS is also not allosterically regulated by glucose 6-phosphate or orthophosphate. To investigate the effects of expressing a potentially unregulated SPS in plants, the Synechocy...

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is an autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by rigidity of the trunk and proximal limb muscles, intermittent superimposed spasms, and increased sensitivity to external stimuli. It has been more than 50 years since Moerch and Woltman reported the first 14 cases with this syndrome. During the last half century, many autoantibodies discovered, such as anti-glut...

Small proteins (SPs, <=100 amino acids in length) are prevalent in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are known to perform varieties of relevant functions and participate in regulation of various biological processes. Although integrated studies of SPs in prokaryotes and animals have been carried out, the systematic investigation on plant SPs still remains an unwritten story. This is mainly b...

An elevated cholesterol level might lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins block the cholesterol synthesis pathway in the liver. Atorvastatin is the most widespread statin worldwide and, its chemical synthesis requires toxic catalysts, resulting in environmental pollution. Hence, enzymatic synthesis of atorvastatin is desirable. This process could be done by Lactobacillus kefir ...

An elevated cholesterol level might lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins block the cholesterol synthesis pathway in the liver. Atorvastatin is the most widespread statin worldwide and, its chemical synthesis requires toxic catalysts, resulting in environmental pollution. Hence, enzymatic synthesis of atorvastatin is desirable. This process could be done by Lactobacillus kefir ...