Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned in Lymnaea stagnalis and, depending on the interval between the training sessions, memories of significantly different durations are produced. In naïve snails, a 15 min training procedure with a 30 min interval between three training sessions results in memory that persists for only 3 h (intermediate-term memory, ITM); whilst if the thre...

In addition to its established function in the regulation of circadian rhythms, the Drosophila gene period (per) also plays an important role in processing long-term memory (LTM). Here, we used courtship conditioning as a learning paradigm and revealed that (1) overexpression and knocking down of per in subsets of brain neurons enhance and suppress LTM, respectively, and (2) suppression of syna...

Genetic studies of memory formation in Drosophila have revealed that the formation of a protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory (LTM) requires multiple training sessions. LTM is blocked specifically by induced expression of a repressor isoform of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). Here, we report an enhancement of LTM formation after induced expression of an activator isof...

Performance on working memory (WM) tasks may partially be supported by long-term memory (LTM) processing. Hence, brain activation recently being implicated in WM may actually have been driven by (incidental) LTM formation. We examined which brain regions actually support successful WM processing, rather than being confounded by LTM processes, during the maintenance and probe phase of a WM task....

NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal CA1 synapses is a well-accepted mechanism underlying long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, studies with mice that lack threonine-286 autophosphorylation of αCaMKII have shown that hippocampal LTM can be formed despite absence of NMDA receptor-dependent CA1 LTP. After multiple training trials, LTM formation in these mutants...

Levitation and tentacular movements (LTM) are considered specific, yet rare (30%), features of Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS), and are erroneously classified as alien hand. Our study focuses on these typical involuntary movements and aims to highlight possible neural correlates.LTM were recognizable during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 4 of 19 CBS patients. FMRI activity was eval...

BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that ICa,L is important to the development of cardiac memory. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of L-type Ca2+ channel blockade and beta-blockade were tested on acutely anesthetized and on chronically instrumented, conscious dogs. Short-term memory (STM) was induced by 2 hours of ventricular pacing and long-term memory (LTM) by ventricular pacing for 21 days....

BACKGROUND Memories are not created equally strong or persistent for different experiences. In Drosophila, induction of long-term memory (LTM) for aversive olfactory conditioning requires ten spaced repetitive training trials, whereas a single trial is sufficient for LTM generation in appetitive olfactory conditioning. Although, with the ease of genetic manipulation, many genes and brain struct...

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is indispensable for long-term memory (LTM) encoding, but only plays a minor role for working memory (WM) maintenance. Recently, however, an increasing number of studies questioned this seemingly clear distinction by showing that the MTL does participate in some WM processes, especially if multiple items are being maintained...

Traditionally, it has been assumed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is indispensable for long-term memory (LTM) encoding, but only plays a minor role for working memory (WM) maintenance. Recently, however, an increasing number of studies questioned this seemingly clear distinction by showing that the MTL does participate in some WM processes, especially if multiple items are being maintained...