The autocatalytic system, N-phospho-a-amino acids, could not only self-assemble into oligo-peptides but also act as the phosphorylation reagents to phosphorylate the nucleosides into nucleotides and oligo-nucleotides, in aqueous medium. While, the b-amino acids did not have such properties.

The advantageous chemical properties of the phosphate ester linkage were exploited early in evolution to generate the phosphate diester linkages that join neighbouring bases in RNA and DNA (Westheimer 1987 Science 235, 1173-1178). Following the fixation of the genetic code, another use for phosphate ester modification was found, namely reversible phosphorylation of the three hydroxyamino acids,...

In order to give high expertise the computer aided design of mechanical systems involves specific activities focused on processing two type of information: knowledge and data. Expert rule based knowledge is generally processing qualitative information and involves searching for proper solutions and their combination into synthetic variant. Data processing is based on computational models and it...