Control of the Panama Canal Basin transfers from the United States of America to the Republic of Panama on the last day of 1999. The Panamanian and United States governments are concerned that the rapid deforestation of the Panama Canal Basin will jeopardize the future operation of the Panama Canal, the capacity and quality of potable water supplied to Panama City, and the diverse rain forest e...

Rainfall, topography and soil characteristics are considered to control spatial redistribution of phosphorus in catchments. To advance this research, a hydrology model is needed to describe spatial variation of soil moisture dynamics and runoff source areas in multiple runoff events. This study examined whether the spatially distributed, topographically based rainfall-runoff model, TOPMODEL pro...

Abstract. The theory that forms the basis of TOPMODEL (a topography-based hydrological model) was first outlined by Mike Kirkby some 45 years ago. This paper recalls early developments, rejection journal paper, days digital terrain analysis, model calibration and validation, various criticisms simplifying assumptions, relaxation those assumptions in dynamic TOPMODEL. A final section addresses q...

The Limpopo River basin (LRB) is known for its vulnerability to floods, high rates of evapotranspiration, and droughts that cause significant losses the local community. present study aimed perform simulations flood events occurring in two Mozambican sub-basins LRB, namely Chókwè Xai-Xai from 2000 2015 with TOPography-based hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL) satellite remote sensing data. As input T...

Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract A three-layer TOPMODEL is here constructed by integrating three components, diffusion wave approach into surface flow, soil moisture deficit into interflow and exponential recession curve function into base flow. Sensitivity analysis revea...