The anaerobic metabolism of phenol in the beta-proteobacterium Thauera aromatica proceeds via para-carboxylation of phenol (biological Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation). In the first step, phenol is converted to phenylphosphate which is then carboxylated to 4-hydroxybenzoate in the second step. Phenylphosphate formation is catalyzed by the novel enzyme phenylphosphate synthase, which was studied. Ph...

Phenol is one of the organic pollutants in various industrial wastewaters especially petrochemical and oil refining. Biological treatment is one of the considerable choices for removing of phenol present in these wastewaters. Identification of effective microbial species is considered as one of the important priorities for production of the biomass in order to achieve desirable kinetic of biolo...

The effect of phenol on the biological treatment of wastewaters from a resin producing industry was analyzed in a pre-denitrification system. First, the effect of phenol overloads on the removal of organic matter and nitrogen compounds was studied. During the overloads (from 250 to 4000 mg/L), phenol was detected in the effluent of the anoxic reactor but the system recovered fast after stopping...

The mud crab, Panopeus herbstii, was acutely exposed (96-hr) to chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO), phenol, and a CPO-phenolic mixture (1:1) to determine lethal and sublethal effects. The 96-hr (LC50) values were determined for each individual compound and mixture. Additionally, whole-animal respiration rates were measured following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of each compound or m...

The four transmembrane chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli sense phenol as either an attractant (Tar) or a repellent (Tap, Trg, and Tsr). In this study, we investigated the Tar determinants that mediate its attractant response to phenol and the Tsr determinants that mediate its repellent response to phenol. Tar molecules with lesions in the aspartate-binding pocket of the periplasmic domain, wit...

Due to the advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for analyzing complex reaction system, the oxidation process of phenol in a pulsed discharge plasma system is simulated using an ANN model. Reaction factors including solution with pH values of 3.6, 5.4 and 9.8, and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) scavengers (Na2CO3 and n-butyl alcohol) are considered, and the changing trends of phenol degradatio...

This study presents the first evidence for the accelerated degradation of phenol by Fenton's reagent in a mini-fluidic VUV/UV photoreaction system (MVPS). A low-pressure mercury lamp used in the MVPS led to a complete degradation of phenol within 4-6 min. The HO˙ and HO2˙ originating from both Fenton's reagent and VUV photolysis of water were identified with suitable radical scavengers. The eff...

We studied the effects of regional epicardial application of phenol on autonomic neural control of electrophysiological characteristics of the anterior left ventricle. In eight open-chest dogs, we applied a thin line of 88% phenol on the perimeter encircling a multipolar electrode and measured the effective refractory period (ERP) and recorded electrograms in phenol-encircled and untreated area...

The efficacy of seashells as a new adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions was studied by performing batch equilibrium tests under different operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial phenol concentration, and temperature. The phenol removal efficiency remained unaffected when the initial pH of the phenol solution was in the range of 3–8. The amount of phen...

The capability of cells of the fungus Aspergillus awamori, either free or immobilized in hybrid sol-gel material cells, for phenol biodegradation was demonstrated. Phenol was present in the reaction mixture as the sole carbon and energy source, and its decomposition was followed in repeated batch degradation experiments. Atomic force microscopy provided information on the development of self-or...