Extensive multilingualism is one of the most important and fundamental principles of the European Union (EU). However, a large number of languages (currently 23) hinders communication and imposes substantial …nancial and legal costs. On the other hand, the reduction of the number of languages would disenfranchise some or many EU citizens. We use the results of a survey on languages and argue th...

A political miracle occurred when Germany was reunited, and at first glance an economic miracle has followed. Real incomes in the east have now reached the western level, and investment per capita has been much higher than in the west. However, every third deutschmark spent in the east has been coming from the west, investment in equipment has fallen below the west German per capita level, and ...

A collection of 829 isolates of Providencia stuartii, mostly from urological specimens of patients in 12 hospitals, were O serotyped. Hospitals varied in serotype distribution, but most isolates (97%) fell into one or another of 14 O types of P. stuartii. One type (O63) was found in 10 hospitals, and six types (O4, O17, O25, O52, O55, O56) were found in 5 or more hospitals. These seven types we...

This paper complements existing cross-section and panel data analyses of the interaction of income and health outcomes by applying a cointegrating VAR model of income and health to time-series data for several Scandinavian countries. The results are consistent with previous crosssection and panel results, but also highlight the complexity and heterogeneity of the dynamic relationships that gene...

An American geographer specializing in southeast Europe and the Middle East examines Turkey’s prospects for membership in the European Union, a process that recently received a positive recommendation by the European Commission. Of particular importance in the debate over Turkish accession are claims that cultural differences divide Europe and Turkey, and overshadow both their shared history an...

In pre-industrial Europe, growth was driven by the expansion of trade, and the expansion of trade was driven by falling trading costs. This paper discusses the mechanisms linking these processes–profit-seeking behavior by merchants, changes in the organization of production, technological progress, and urbanization. It then reviews the fluctuations in European economic growth between 1000 and 1...

A garnetite that occurs locally in phyllitic schists exposed by the Santorini caldera consists mainly of euhedral garnet crystals showing alternating isotropic and birefringent lamellae. X-ray diffraction revealed two garnets with unit cell dimensions a of I2.o52:ko-oo2 and I~'984-ko-oo5 A, corresponding respectively to almost pure andradite and a granditic phase. Mean compositions determined b...

This paper contributes to the literature by empirically examining whether the influence of public debt on economic growth differs between the short and the long run and presents different patterns across euro-area countries. To this end, we use annual data from both central and peripheral countries of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) for the 1960-2012 period and estimate a growth ...

Economic transition is associated with significant shifts in relative prices between private and public goods. If, as a result, public goods claim a larger share of total expenditures, economies of scale in consumption increase. We show how relative price changes might alter the welfare of different-sized households in the short run and over time. We illustrate, for a selection of transition ec...