Anatomically distinct areas within the basal ganglia encode flexible- and stable-value memories for visual objects (Hikosaka et al., 2014), but an important question remains: do they receive inputs from the same or different brain areas or neurons? To answer this question, we first located flexible and stable value-coding areas in the caudate head (CDh) and caudate tail (CDt) of two rhesus maca...

BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) levels have rarely been determined in an Asian population. We evaluated the analytical performance of a test for measuring CDT levels by using capillary electrophoresis (EP). METHODS We determined the precision of CDT measurement by using capillary EP and nephelometry and compared the CDT values obtained using both the methods. We included h...

Aims: Contrasting data are available on the diagnostic accuracy of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) during pregnancy. These differences may depend in part on how CDT was evaluated and expressed. Here, we report on variations of CDT levels in pregnant women using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) candidate reference method. Methods: Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate ami...

BACKGROUND Isoforms of transferrin interfere with measurement of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of heavy alcohol consumption. We evaluated the rate of inaccurate CDT results by immunoassays. METHODS We studied 2360 consecutive sera (1614 individuals) submitted for CDT assay without clinical information as well as samples from 1 patient with a congenital disorder of glyco...

This paper describes a method to represent a Planar Map (PM) through a Conforming Delaunay Triangulation (CDT) with applications in a server-client environment. At the server a CDT of the edges of the PM is determined. As the PM is now embedded by the CDT it is sufficient to send to the client the list of coordinates of the CDT nodes and an efficient encoded bitmap of the corresponding PM-CDT e...

We have shown the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans produces an immunosuppressive factor encoded by the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt)B gene, which is homologous to a family of Cdts expressed by several Gram-negative bacteria. We now report that the capacity for CdtB to induce G(2) arrest in Jurkat cells is greater in the presence of the other Cdt peptides: CdtA and CdtC. Plasmids contain...

Cytolethal distending toxins (CDT) are potent cytotoxins of several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in which five types (CDT-I to CDT-V) have been identified so far. CDT-V is frequently associated with Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157 strains, and strains not fitting any established pathotypes. In this study, we were the first ...

Binary toxin CDT or its genes have been identified in some strains of Clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins A and B (A+B+CDT+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the United States and Canada. To study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin CDT-positive only (A-B-CDT+) C. difficile strains. Unlike other clostridial ...

Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) has previously been found to be a sensitive and specific biological marker of excessive alcohol consumption. In order to study the prevalence of excessive drinking among arrested drunken drivers, CDT was measured in plasma samples from 50 drunken drivers after dialysis against 0.9% NaCl. 60% of the drivers had elevated CDT. When data on CDT from ot...

BACKGROUND The introduction of a new set of reagents for the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse requires an independent evaluation of the analytic specificity of the test. This information is needed for correct interpretation and classification of test results. METHODS Isoelectric focusing on the PhastSystem(TM) followed by immunofix...