Extranodal spread (ENS) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can greatly influence the prognostic outcomes. However, the relative risks of ENS in the primary (1st) and secondary (2nd) metastatic nodes (mets) are not well documented. We retrospectively analyzed the hazard ratios (HRs) of ENS in the 1st and 2nd mets from 516 HNSCC patients who had undergone primary tumor...

Am 15. Juni fallen die Entscheidungen in den drei Linien der Exzellenzinitiative, in denen die Ruhr-Universität mit je einem Antrag in der Endrunde vertreten ist. Hunderte von Mitgliedern unserer universitas waren an der Konzeption, Antragserstellung und Vorbereitung sowie der Durchführung der Begutachtungen beteiligt – alle mit sehr viel Engagement und Herzblut. Gerade bei der Begehung im Febr...

Early recombination nodules (ENs) are protein complexes approximately 100 nm in diameter that are associated with forming synaptonemal complexes (SCs) during leptotene and zygotene of meiosis. Although their functions are not yet clear, ENs may have roles in synapsis and recombination. Here we report on the frequency and distribution of ENs in zygotene SC spreads from six plant species that inc...

Muscle hyperactivity can manifest as involuntary twitches of muscle fibers or muscle groups or, more rarely, as a long lasting spasm. Clinically evident muscle hyperactivity must be considered abnormal only when it is consistent. Occasional involuntary twitches such as those experienced in the eyelids or in other muscles are probably only reflecting transient states of general stress or nervous...

Though migraine and tension-type headache are common, some primary headache syndromes are relatively rare and poorly recognized in daily practice. Despite the diagnostic challenges, the short-lasting primary headaches are important to recognize because of their excellent but highly selective response to treatment. In 1997 Goadsby and Lipton documented a nosological analysis and definition of a ...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of neurons and glial cells, organized as interconnected ganglia within the gut wall, which controls peristalsis of the gut wall and secretions from its glands. The Ret receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed throughout enteric neurogenesis and is required for normal ENS development; humans with mutations in the RET locus have Hirschsprung disease (HSCR...

BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of empty nose syndrome (ENS) has not been elucidated so far. Though postulated, there remains a lack of experimental evidence about the roles of nasal aerodynamics on the development of ENS. OBJECTIVE To investigate the nasal aerodynamic features of ENS andto explore the role of aerodynamic changes on the pathogenesis of ENS. METHODS Seven sinonasal models were n...