To maintain data integrity hash functions are generally used. Hash function is one type of cryptographic primitives, which provide an assurance for data integrity. NAS has designed SHA hash functions which are the set of cryptographic hash function. There are so many SHA function existing in which SHA-1 produces message digest that is of 160 bits long. Later in SHA-1 has been identified securit...

Industrial Relations and the Wage Differentials between Skilled and Unskilled Blue-Collar Workers within Establishments: An Empirical Analysis with Data of Manufacturing Firms Increased wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is a stylized fact, which can be observed in many developed countries. Among the explanations advanced for this phenomenon is the increasing globalization, a...

The earth’s environments and ecosystems are not fi xed but vary over a wide range of space and time scales (Delcourt, and Webb 1982; see also fi g. 6.1). At the scale of tens of thousands of years, the wobble of the Earth on its axis causes variation in the solar radiation received at the earth’s surface, driving variation in climate. On shorter time scales, the Southern Oscillation of sea surf...

Many residents and fellows enter specialty training programs with vague notions as to what the clinical practice of their specialty will be like. Such speculation on the author’s part seems reasonable because the house staff is usually exposed to the specialty only in the hospital environment, and not in the private practitioner’s office. As well, there is little written information about the c...