This article describes the application of on-line nonlinear monitoring of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Three-way batch data of SBR are unfolded batchwisely, and then a nonlinear multivariate monitoring method is used to capture the nonlinear characteristics of normal batches. The approach is successfully applied to an 80L SBR for biological wastewater treatment, where the SBR poses an inte...

Sulfur (S) cross-linking styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) foams show high shrinkage due to the cure reversion, leading to reduced yield and increased processing cost. In this paper, double cross-linking system by S and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used to decrease the shrinkage of SBR foams. Most importantly, the synergy of double cross-linking agents was reported for the first time to our knowledg...

The ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, cholera toxin (CT) and the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT-IIa), have been shown to enhance mucosal and systemic antibody (Ab) responses to coadministered antigens. The purpose of the present study was to compare the ability of the nontoxic A2/B subunits of these toxins, which have distinct targeting properties, to augment the immunogenicity of a geneti...

Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator that mediates inflammatory pain, is elevated in migraine; nevertheless, little is known about its release from sensory neurons. In this study, CGRP was found to occur in the majority of neurons from rat trigeminal ganglia, together with the three exocytotic SNAREs [SNAP25, syntaxin 1 and the synaptobrevin (Sbr, also known as VAMP) iso...

Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated in an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor (IASBR) and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The removal efficiencies of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) were 100% in both reactors in steady operation state. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were 90.4% in the IASBR and 79.3% in the SBR, while the total phosphorus (TP) rem...

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a specific fill and draw version of the conventional activated sludge (AS) process. In contrast to continuous flow systems, the sequencing of batch processes in the SBR is time rather space oriented; metabolic reaction and solid/liquid separation take place at different times in the same reactor. This study aims to investigate the performance and treatment ...

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology possesses a high process flexibility and treatment efficiency. Unfortunately, up to now most SBR plants are still using fixed timebased sequential control (TSC), which can not react flexibly. Therefore, this paper will focus on instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) for SBR plants, because with the help of modern supervisory control and data ...

Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification (OLAND) is a one-stage combination of partial nitritation and anammox, which can have a challenging process start-up. In this study, start-up strategies were tested for sequencing batch reactors (SBR), varying hydraulic parameters, i.e. volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and feeding regime, and salinity. Two sequential tests with two paralle...

A successful enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was observed in both anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (An-Ox SBR) to induce growth of phosphorus accumulating organism (PAO) and anaerobic-anoxic (An-Ax) SBR to induce growth of denitrifying PAO (DPAO). Although the EBPR performance of An-Ox SBR was higher by 11.3% than that of An-Ax SBR, specific phosphorus release rates in t...