This paper surveys the basic ideas and results on fundamental models of drift wave turbulence, the formation of zonal flows, shear suppression of turbulence and transport, coupled drift wave and zonal flow dynamics and application to transport bifurcations and transitions. Application to vortex dynamics and zonal flow phenomena in EMHD systems are discussed, as well. These are relevant to aspec...

Plasma turbulence due to small-scale entropy modes is studied with gyrokinetic simulations in a simple closed-field-line geometry, the Z pinch, in low-beta parameter regimes that are stable to ideal interchange modes. We find an enormous variation in the nonlinear dynamics and particle transport as a function of two main parameters, the density gradient and the plasma collisionality. This varia...

From numerical solutions of a gyrokinetic model for ion temperature gradient turbulence it is shown that nonlinear coupling is dominated by three-wave interactions that include spectral components of the zonal flow and damped subdominant modes. Zonal flows dissipate very little energy injected by the instability, but facilitate its transfer from the unstable mode to dissipative subdominant mode...

A series of "winter" and "summer" Lucké kidney tumors of the frog (Rana pipiens) were homogenized and fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial, and mitochondrial supernatant fractions. Winter tumors often contained high concentrations of herpesvirus, whereas no virus was observed in any of the summer tumors. The crude tumor fractions were further purified by rate-...

Soil microbial community structure and crop yield was investigated in field tomato production systems that compared black polyethylene mulch to hairy vetch mulch and inorganic N to organic N. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) hairy vetch cover cropping increases crop yield and significantly affects soil microbial community structure when compared to the standard plastic mulch and synthe...

Maintenance and improvement of soil quality in continuous cropping systems is critical to sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental quality for future generations. This review focuses on lessons learned from long-term continuous cropping experiments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most often reported attribute from long-term studies and is chosen as the most important indicator o...

Plant and soil properties cooperatively structure soil microbial communities, with implications for ecosystem functioning. However, the extent to which each factor contributes to community structuring is not fully understood. To quantify the influence of plants and soil properties on microbial diversity and composition in an agricultural context, we conducted an experiment within a corn-based a...

As in the midlatitude atmosphere, midocean eddies are primarily generated by baroclinically unstable mean currents. In contrast to the atmosphere, however, oceanic currents are significantly nonzonal. Even weak nonzonal currents are linearly unstable since does not suppress growing meridional waves. Theories for the nonlinear equilibration of baroclinic instability, and hence theories for the a...

We propose a priority-pricing scheme for zonal access to the electric power grid that is uniform across all buses in a zone. The Independent System Operator (ISO) charges bulk power traders a per unit ex ante transmission access fee. The zonal access fee serves as an access insurance premium that entitles a bulk power trader to either physical injection of one unit of energy or a compensation p...

[1] All-sky imagers located at Tucumán, Argentina (26.9 S, 65 W, 14.2 S dip latitude), and Arequipa, Perú (16.5 S, 71.5 W, 2.7 S dip latitude), are used to track 630 nm airglow depletion motions in the first use of multisite airglow imagers for studies of low-latitude plasma dynamics. A new image analysis technique yields a consistent determination of nighttime zonal plasma drifts from all-sky ...