This study builds on three previous studies (Russell, 1999; Russell & Haney,1997; Russell & Plati, 2001) to examine the effect administering extended composi-tion test items on paper, on computer or on a portable writing device has on studentperformance. This study employs writing items from the 1999 Massachusetts Com-prehensive Assessment System (MCAS) to examine the mode of ad...

Young people who have chronic disabilities use computer technologies and receive rehabilitation services to overcome functional limitations associated with writing activities. However, the functional impact of these specialized assistive technologies on the everyday lives of children is not clearly understood; in part due to the lack of targeted outcome measures. This article describes the deve...

Although the expressive writing paradigm has generally produced positive health outcomes, a recurring puzzle concerns how and why it works. No single theory or theoretical perspective has convincingly explained its effectiveness. This may be attributable to the fact that expressive writing affects people on multiple levels—cog-nitive, emotional, social, and biological—making a single explanator...

the field of elt is constantly witnessing the introduction of new instructional approaches: one such perhaps recent initiative is critical discourse analysis (cda). accordingly, the present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of cda instruction on iranian efl learners’ descriptive and argumentative writing ability. to fulfill the aforementioned purpose, a sample toefl was primarily p...

toefl ibt has turned recently heads to the impacts language tests can have on language learning. since error analysis-based instruction has gained a new life with the advent of the computer analysis of the learner’s language, the researchers of this study embarked on examining a sample of integrated and independent writing tasks of 45 iranian toefl ibt candidates in order to identify and classi...