In MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) over optical networks, both the optical level and the MPLS level fault recovery can be considered. Generally, a more flexible path arrangement can be realized by the MPLS level recovery, while fast recovery can be achieved by the optical level recovery. When the optical level recovery is adopted, only normal traffic is carried through the working lightpa...

background and purpose: students in medical schools are under the great personal distress during their education. likewise, medical or surgical residency can be a stressful and overwhelming period during which residents work long hours.   the aim of the study was to determine the level of hopelessness in the medical students and residents and to examine its relations with socio-demographic feat...

In this research using theoretical predictions from a real option-based investment framework, the present study aims to examine the effects of stock returns volatilities on changes of working capital accruals of firms. In addition, the moderating effect of variables such as, life cycle and ownership structure on the relationship between stock return volatilities and working capital accruals is ...

study the performance of nurses communication with patients in special education and non- teaching hospital, urmia     hemmati maslakpak m [1] * , sheikhbaklu m [2] , baghaei r [3] , sheikhi n [4]     received: 21 dec, 2011 accepted: 4 feb, 2012     abstract   background & aims : acceptable communication performance is essential for safe, effective, and suitable care . proper communication is e...

Purpose: The present study aimed to compare Musculoskeletal Discomforts (MSDs) among six different common postures while working with laptop in female students of University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. Methods: This was a crossover trial study. Eighteen female students voluntarily and purposefully participated in all stages of the study. The study participants were randomly assigned into gro...

The Common Authentication Protocol Speci cation Language (CAPSL) is a high-level language for applying formal methods to the security analysis of cryptographic protocols. Its goal is to permit a protocol to be speci ed once in a form that is usable as an interface to any type of analysis tool or technique, given appropriate translation software. This paper describes the rst operational CAPSL tr...