caspian sea had been used a long time between iran and the soviet :union: based on agreements of 1920 and 1940, without international importance. after the soviet’s collapse and with increasing the countries of sea border from two to five, this lake was important due to geopolitical and geo-economical conditions. following these situations, the legal regime of caspian sea needed to be revised. ...

We have introduced an early warning system for volatility regimes regarding Tehran Stock Exchange using Markov Switching GARCH approach. We have examined whether Tehran Stock Market has calmed down or more specifically, whether the surge in volatility during 2007-2010 global financial crises still affects stock return volatility in Iran.  Doing so, we have used a regime switching GARCH model.  ...

The Wulff construction is an invaluable tool to understand and predict the shape of nanoparticles. We demonstrate here that this venerable model, which gives a size-independent thermodynamic shape, becomes size dependent in the nanoscale regime for an alloy and that the infinite reservoir approximation breaks down. The improvements in structure and energetic modeling have wide-ranging implicati...

An approach for obtaining one-way transmission in the beaming regime is suggested that is based on the directional radiation of surface plasmons in nonsymmetric metallic gratings with a single slit. In contrast to the various nonsymmetric one-way diffraction gratings that have recently been proposed, the possibility of obtaining of narrow beams is demonstrated. Strong directional selectivity ca...

A ring isolator is demonstrated for the first time by directly bonding a cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) onto a silicon ring resonator using oxygen plasma enhanced bonding. The silicon waveguide is 600 nm wide and 295 nm thick with 500-nm-thick Ce:YIG on the top to have reasonable nonreciprocal effect and low optical loss. With a radial magnetic field applied to the ring isolato...

Pain is a complex and very varied issue dependent on a wide range of different factors that may present in multifarious ways. The way in which patients cope with their treatment regime and their life in general can be seriously impacted by their experience of pain. Therefore, I chose this topic to help inform me more fully on the subject generally and current views and practices so that I can b...

Reaction mechanisms and activation energies for the complete conversion of ethene to ethene epoxide on two recently characterized oxidized Ag{111} surfaces have been determined from density functional theory. On both surfaces, epoxidation proceeds through a two-step nonconcerted mechanism via an oxametallacycle intermediate. The key implications are that both surfaces are active and that epoxid...

We formulate a dynamical fluctuation theory for stationary nonequilibrium states (SNS) which covers situations in a nonlinear hydrodynamic regime and is verified explicitly in stochastic models of interacting particles. In our theory a crucial role is played by the time reversed dynamics. Our results include the modification of the Onsager-Machlup theory in the SNS, a general Hamilton-Jacobi eq...