This mathematical model allows calculation of Unit Commitment (hereinafter UC), providing for compliance with all technical limitations in the equipment state and electricity regime parameters to ensure the minimization of the total cost of electric power generation, as determined on the basis of notifications wholesale market participants on the composition and parameters of the generating equ...

This paper explores the relationship between the structure of the market for the reÞning and distribution of gasoline and the wholesale price of unbranded gasoline sold to independent gasoline retailers. Theoretically, the effect of an increase in vertical integration is ambiguous because opposing forces act to increase and decrease wholesale prices. We empirically examine the effects of vertic...

We analyse the interaction between a seller and customers in a shop on the fruits and vegetables wholesale market in Marseille using an unique data set. We find that customers’ bargaining activity is correlated with the kind and location of the business. To determine how the interactions between the seller and the customers influence prices, we compare the price each customer pays for a given g...

Internet Referral Services, hosted either by independent third-party infomediaries or by manufacturers serve as “lead-generators” in electronic marketplaces, directing consumer traffic to particular retailers. In a model of price dispersion with mixed strategy equilibria, we investigate the competitive implications of these institutions on retailer and manufacturer pricing strategies as well as...

D espite the spread of cost-driven outsourcing practices, academic research cautions that suppliers’ cost advantage may weaken manufacturers’ bargaining positions in negotiating outsourcing agreements, thereby hurting their profitability. In this study, we attempt to further understand the strategic impact of low-cost outsourcing on manufacturers’ profitability by investigating the contractual ...

Indonesia's price index serves as a barometer for the nation's economic condition. One of Indonesia’s is Wholesale Price Index (WPI). WPI that tracks average change in wholesale prices over time. Time series analysis can be used forecasting because one time data. long memory, which condition data from different periods have high link despite being separated by large amount The Autoregressive Fr...

Several macroeconomic models of business cycles rely on the assumption that …rms adjust prices infrequently to generate the short-run non-neutrality of money documented by the literature on monetary transmission. These models posit di¤erent mechanisms to generate price stickiness, with correspondingly di¤erent implications for in‡ation dynamics. While empirical implications regarding the respon...

1389 C R E D IT : B E R N D T H IS S E N /D P A /C O R B IS Wood Energy: Predicting Costs THE POLICY FORUM “WOOD ENERGY IN America” (D. deB. Richter Jr. et al., 13 March, p. 1432) was a much-needed and long-overdue contribution to energy discussions. However, fossil fuels are not four times more expensive than wood per unit energy. Rather, most fossil fuels are still less expensive than wood in...