We describe regional patterns of variation in dead wood across 20 million ha of upland forests of all ownerships in Oregon and Washington, based on an analysis of data on snags and down wood collected on over 16,000 field plots. Current patterns of dead wood are highly variable and complex. The strongest differences were among nine habitats that reflect strong regional gradients in physical env...

circuit of the power supply in pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage inverters results in output voltage deviations. Although individually small, when accumulated over an operating cycle, the voltage deviations are sufficient to distort the applied PWM signal. This paper presents a new method to correct for the dead time deviations. The Pulse Based Compensator is less hardware and software intens...

Adult and larval Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) were acoustically detected in live and dead palm trees and logs in recently invaded areas of Guam, along with Nasutitermes luzonicus Oshima (Isoptera: Termitidae), and other small, sound-producing invertebrates and invertebrates. The low-frequency, long-duration sound-impulse trains produced by large, active O. rhin...

Urban trees are often more sun- and wind-exposed than their forest-grown counterparts. These environmental differences can impact how many species grow–impacting trunk taper, crown spread, branch architecture, other aspects of tree form. Given these differences, windthrow models derived from traditional forest production data sources may not be appropriate for urban management. Additionally, vi...

Decaying wood habitats are rare in Europe because of centuries of forestry and agricultural practices. Where there has been continuous woodland cover and within it an unbroken presence of old trees, the decaying wood communities are exceptional. The main woodland management systems operating in Europe are explained and how they influence the decaying wood component and associated wildlife. Prio...

A reverence for ancestors that has pre-occupied humans since time immemorial persists to the present. Reconstructing ancestry is the focus of many biological studies but failure to distinguish between present-day descendants and long-dead ancestors has led to incorrect interpretation of phylogenetic trees. This has resulted in erroneous reconstruction of traits such as morphology and ancestral ...

During the past 3 yr, nematologists in the United States have found specimens of Bursaphelenchus sp. in the wood of dead and dying pine trees. This nematode-host association resembles a similar interaction reported from Japan where pine trees are being killed by the pine wood nematode. This taxonomic research was conducted to determine if the Japanese pine wood nematode and similar populations ...

throughout prehistory, the cultures of iran and western asia differed in important respects. many of these differencescan be attributed to the different geographic and environmental conditions in the two regions. western iran is largely aheavily divided mountainous region with difficult access whereas mesopotamia is relatively flat and open to travel andtrade. the early holocene environment of ...