Distance relations in a locally inhomogeneous universe are expected to behave like the Dyer-Roeder solution on small angular scales and the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker solution on large angular scales. Within a simple compact clump model the transition between these asymptotic behaviors is demonstrated and quantified. The redshift dependent transition scale is of order a few arcseconds; this imp...

A Dirac metal is a doped (gated) material with the Fermi energy (EF) lying either in conduction or valence bands. In non-interacting picture, optical absorption gapless metals occurs only if frequency of incident photons (Ω) exceeds direct (Pauli) threshold, equal to 2EF. this work, we study, both analytically and numerically, role electron–electron (ee) electron–hole (eh) interactions two-dime...

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an independent risk factor for mortality and is responsible for a significant burden of healthcare expenditure, so accurate measurement of its incidence is important. Administrative coding data has been used for assessing AKI incidence, and shows an increasing proportion of hospital bed days attributable to AKI. However, the accuracy of coding for AKI and...

The tenacity of a graph G, T(G), is dened by T(G) = min{[|S|+τ(G-S)]/[ω(G-S)]}, where the minimum is taken over all vertex cutsets S of G. We dene τ(G - S) to be the number of the vertices in the largest component of the graph G - S, and ω(G - S) be the number of components of G - S.In this paper a lower bound for the tenacity T(G) of a graph with genus γ(G) is obtained using the graph's connec...

BACKGROUND Recent acute kidney injury (AKI) guidelines, based on studies performed a decade ago, recommend avoiding aminoglycosides (AGs) in patients at risk of AKI. Whether present patient characteristics and management have changed this risk is uncertain. We determined the current incidence, risk factors and outcomes of AG-AKI. METHODS We retrospectively identified adult patients who receiv...

The propagation of dissipationless, hydromagnetic, purely toroidal Alfvén waves in a realistic background three-fluid solar wind with axial symmetry and differential proton-alpha flow is investigated. The short wavelength WKB approximation is not invoked. Instead, the equations that govern the wave transport are derived from standard multi-fluid equations in the five-moment approximation. The A...

The propagation of dissipationless, hydromagnetic, purely toroidal Alfvén waves in a realistic background three-fluid solar wind with axial symmetry and differential proton-alpha flow is investigated. The short wavelength WKB approximation is not invoked. Instead, the equations that govern the wave transport are derived from standard multi-fluid equations in the five-moment approximation. The A...

From a combination of Maxwell’s electromagnetism with Planck’s law and the de Broglie hypothesis, we arrive at quantized photonic wave groups whose constant phase velocity is equal to speed light c = ω/k their group dω/dk. When include special relativity expressed in simplest units, find that, for particulate matter, square rest mass , i.e., angular frequency squared minus vector squared. This ...

A new method, FM-FTS, combining Frequency Modulation heterodyne laser spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy is presented. It provides simultaneous sensitive measurement of absorption and dispersion profiles with broadband spectral coverage capabilities. Experimental demonstration is made on the overtone spectrum of C2H2 in the 1.5 μm region. OCIS codes: 120.6200, 300.6300, 300.6380, 3...

We consider the effect of Coulomb interactions on the average density of states (DOS) of disordered low-dimensional metals for temperatures T and frequencies ω smaller than the inverse elastic life-time 1/τ0. Using the fact that long-range Coulomb interactions in two dimensions (2d) generate ln singularities in the DOS ν(ω) but only ln-singularities in the conductivity σ(ω), we can re-sum the m...