Sprinkler and Fan Cooling Principles In sprinkler and fan cooling, the sprinklers create droplets that wet the cow’s hair coat to the skin. Fans are then used to force air over the cow’s body (see Figure 1), causing evaporative cooling to take place on the skin and hair coat. Heat from the cow’s body causes the moisture to evaporate. The droplet size must be large enough to wet the skin surface...

Coal-fired power plants account for nearly 50% of U.S. electricity supply and about a third of U.S. emissions of CO(2), the major greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with global climate change. Thermal power plants also account for 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the U.S. To reduce GHG emissions from coal-fired plants, postcombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems are receiving consi...

For controlled environment agriculture (CEA) related facility planning and design, weather information for the specific location are required for the estimation of heating/cooling loads and design of environmental control components and systems. Summer/Winter design temperature and degree day were the traditional methods used by the engineers to estimate the annual cooling/heating load. Weather...