Abstract More and more Chinese live in Western countries nowadays many disputes over transfers between family members are brought to courts. Generally, little documentary evidence on such transactions is available the oral commonly divergent as what was agreed happened. judges faced with puzzle whether transfer a gift, loan, or an equity investment. This article elaborates relevant cultural dim...

depending on his own intellectual system, iqbāl stresses the eastern wisdom of eastern people and muslims and challenges the western schools of thought including materialism and nihilism. his philosophy is composed of reasoning, mysticism, quran, hadith, love, spiritual concern, self-consciousness, awakening, passion and includes transcendental theory and action. he believes that the western ra...