The history of smallpox eradication in the 20 countries of West and Central Africa from Mauritania to Zaire is recounted, including background, evolution of strategy, assessment, maintenance, costs, and significance of the campaign. Smallpox was endemic in these countries, peaking each year at the end of the spring dry season, usually occurring in isolated villages only periodically. The aver...

extended abstractintroductionsiberian high-pressure is one of the most important systems in climatology, which has been focused by all climatologists because of its influence area and expansion zone.unique features of this system including the expansion zone,the intensity of central pressure,which sometimes amounts to more than1075hp pressure at its core,its temperature and moisture characteris...

abstract background: fascioliasis, caused by fasciola hepatica and f. gigantica , has medical and economic importance in the world. molecular approaches comparing tradi­tional methods using for identification and characterization of fasciola spp. are precise and reliable. the aims of current study were molecular characterization of fasciola spp. in west azerbaijan province, iran and then compar...

. it can be claimed that no other country in the world possesses such a geopolitical situation. although such a situation provides the country with a set of opportunities, any wrong decision-making, apart from national and international realities, in choosing the focus of policies and foreign relations activities may turn it into a ground for crisis and continued failure for iran. this paper se...

BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that neighborhood characteristics can have direct and indirect effects on the weight status of the residents. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between general and central obesity and the neighborhood environment in two ethnic groups (Azeri Turks and Kurds) living in Urmia city, Northwestern Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, ...

after reza khan took power and established a powerful central government, the way was paved for planning reforms in iran. among these reforms was the improvement of the status of women, which tried to make iran similar to the west. this goal accounts for the removal of hijab and changing the appearance of the people. in the present study, through library research, the authors investigated how p...