We propose a new approach to detect gene × gene joint action in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for case-control designs. This approach offers an exhaustive search for all two-way joint action (including, as a special case, single gene action) that is computationally feasible at the genome-wide level and has reasonable statistical power under most genetic models. We found that the prese...

elements include: “no war”, “peace”, “no conflict”, “harmony”, “living happily”, etc. AE1 = “no war”, AE2 = “peace”, AE3 = “no conflict”, AE4 = “harmony”, AE5 = “living happily”, etc. Partial meaning mapping based on the symbol of peace. Peace = “dove” and “symbol by Gerald Holtom”, “the broken riffle”, Harmony = “many” and, etc. M11 = (“peace”, “dove”), M12 = (“peace”, “symbol by Gerald Holtom...

Epistasis effects (gene interactions) have been increasingly recognized as important genetic factors underlying complex traits. The existence of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provides opportunities and challenges to screen DNA variations affecting complex traits using a candidate gene analysis. In this article, four types of epistasis effects of two candidate gene SNP...

The integrin alpha8 is highly expressed during kidney and lung development. alpha8-deficient mice display abnormal renal development suggesting that alpha8 plays a critical role in organogenesis. Therefore, it would be of considerable interest to understand the genomic structure, localization and sequence variation of the alpha8 gene. Using FISH and genomic database analysis, we show that alpha...

The multilocus analysis of polymorphisms has emerged as a vital ingredient of population genetics and evolutionary biology. A fundamental assumption used for existing multilocus analysis approaches is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at which maternally- and paternally-derived gametes unite randomly during fertilization. Given the fact that natural populations are rarely panmictic, these approaches w...

Objective: To determine the influence of TAP1 and TAP2 alleles in northwestern Colombian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Unselected patients with SLE (n=140) and controls (n=120) matched for sex, age, and ethnicity were analysed. Clinical manifestations, clinical activity, and severity of disease were recorded. Autoantibodies were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbe...

While nonrandom associations between zygotes at different loci (zygotic associations) frequently occur in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium populations, statistical analysis of such associations has received little attention. In this article, we describe the joint distributions of zygotes at multiple loci, which are completely characterized by heterozygosities at individual loci and various multilo...

Conventional methods to analyze genome-wide association studies and whole exome or whole genome sequencing studies would be prone to overlook variants which might exert a recessive effect on risk of disease, either as homozygotes or compound heterozygotes. It is plausible that such effects may be common even in outbred populations. An approach is described which is based on identifying a set of...

In Colombia, the mosquito Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus has been identified as an efficient vector of the epidemic-epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. We evaluated the genetic variability and heterogeneity of this mosquito in Colombian populations using eight microsatellite DNA loci. Two hundred and ten mosquito specimens collected from seven populations of the Colombian Atlantic coas...

The oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana is one of the most economically important squid species in Japan; however, its population structure is poorly understood due to the lack of hypervariable markers. Such information is critical for managing sustainable fisheries, as well as for ensuring the existence of wild S. lessoniana stocks. Eleven candidate microsatellite loci were isolated from a smal...