Introduction: Despite the presence of ultra high field systems (7T) dating from late 1990s, there have been few reports of their use in spectroscopic imaging (SI) studies. This limitation is due to the inherent disadvantages of high field which result in a 5-12 fold increase in power deposition at 7T in comparison to 3T. These problems become especially severe when in–plane volume localization ...

The fossil record of the earliest Cenozoic contains the first large-bodied placental mammals. Several evolutionary models have been invoked to explain the transition from small to large body sizes, but methods for determining evolutionary mode of trait change depend on input from tree topology and divergence dates. Different dating methods may therefore affect inference of evolutionary model. H...

A major concern in molecular clock dating is how to use information from the fossil record to calibrate genetic distances from DNA sequences. Here we apply three Bayesian dating methods that differ in how calibration is achieved—‘node dating’ (ND) in BEAST, ‘total evidence’ (TE) dating in MrBayes, and the ‘fossilised birth-death’ (FBD) in FDPPDiv—to infer divergence times in the Osmundaceae or ...

In this paper, we will use a modified  variational iteration method (MVIM) for solving an inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). The approximation of the temperature and the heat flux at  are considered. This method is based on the use of Lagrange multipliers for the identification of optimal values of parameters in a functional in Euclidian space. Applying this technique, a rapid convergent s...

A suite of fluvial terraces (T1–T6, from top to bottom of the staircase) occur along a 70 km stretch of the Tejo River in central Portugal, between the small towns of Gavião and Chamusca. Terrace correlation was based upon the following: (a) aerial photograph analysis, geomorphological mapping and field topographic survey; (b) sedimentology of the terrace deposits, namely the maximum particle s...

Background Although there is a general agreement on the benefits of evidence informed health policy development given resource constraints especially in Low-Income Countries (LICs), the definition of what evidence is, and what evidence is suitable to guide decision-making is still unclear. Our study is contributing to filling this knowledge gap. We aimed to explore health policy actors’ views r...

In this paper, we solve unconstrained optimization problem using a free line search steepest descent method. First, we propose a double parameter scaled quasi Newton formula for calculating an approximation of the Hessian matrix. The approximation obtained from this formula is a positive definite matrix that is satisfied in the standard secant relation. We also show that the largest eigen value...

urbanization development followed by increase in travel demand in recent years made some problems for cities such as traffic, lack of suitable parking, environmental issues, economic and social etc. meanwhile, public transport, especially bus services are very important in the development of urban functions thus, paying attention to different aspects of the transport in order to increase its ef...

On Kranjsko polje in central Slovenia, carbonate conglomerates have been dated to several Pleistocene glacial phases by relative dating based on the morphostratigrafic mapping and borehole data, and by paleomagnetic and 10Be analyses. To define how the age of conglomerates determines the geomorphological characteristics of karst surface features, morphometrical and distributive spatial analyses...