Surface Wave High Frequency Radars (SWHFR) are taken into account in the content of modeling and simulation challenges. Examples related to multi-mixed path surface wave propagation, radar cross section (RCS) prediction, and total radar echo showing target, clutter, noise, and interference are presented.

When the photoionization is described beyond dipole approximation, electron in atoms and molecules will experience a spatially dependent light phase. As demonstrated recent experiment on one-photon double ionization of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ [S. Grundmann et al., Science 370, 339 (2020)], resulting phase difference modifies interference pattern. By solving full-dimensional time-dependent Schr\"odin...